{"id":"W4297538067","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159037","title":"Development of iron-based biochar for enhancing nitrate adsorption: Effects of specific surface area, electrostatic force, and functional groups","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Science of The Total Environment","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":155,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Adsorption; Chemistry; Deprotonation; Protonation; Inorganic chemistry; Langmuir adsorption model; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Nitrate; Langmuir; Zeta potential; Nuclear chemistry; Pyrolysis; Organic chemistry; Chemical engineering; Materials science; Nanotechnology; Ion","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008999626,0.0001324185,0.0001544135,0.0000376008,0.0004658409,0.000008065191,0.0003367705,0.00001904393,0.0007196377],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001573039,0.00008627794,0.00008849375,0.0003018229,0.001223744,0.00008414991,0.0003718274,0.00009200917,0.000008620997],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002481742,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005175725,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006082725,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001604153,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982086,0.00005916362,0.0003450819,0.0002746728,0.0008670601,0.0002454596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992421,0.00009460026,0.0003260841,0.0002759557,0.000005916058,0.00005529905],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006926434,0.00009484016,0.00004753822,0.00002133026,0.000005532801,7.106235e-8,0.0003548568,0.07835576,0.9204735,0.0001840391,0.00002040727,0.0003728516],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005006792,0.0002213649,0.01309753,0.00001575446,0.00001953113,0.000008589588,0.0003353724,0.006424993,0.9788456,0.0003316323,0.00007512476,0.0001238219],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961395,0.00008134923,0.002785794,0.0001835929,0.0001365812,0.0005700613,0.00002187135,0.000005892569,0.00007539364],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970177,0.000009395021,0.00227065,0.00002325203,0.000006853356,0.00002465364,0.000003194081,0.000007684547,0.0006365954],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07193077,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7879527,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009202449087237025,"score_gpt":0.1873247139421966,"score_spread":0.1781222648549595,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}