{"id":"W4297547206","doi":"10.1002/ese3.1303","title":"Carbon dioxide utilization: A critical review from multiscale perspective","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Energy Science & Engineering","topic":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Higher Education Commision, Pakistan; Aston University","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Carbon dioxide; Process (computing); Environmental science; Process systems; Process engineering; Carbon capture and storage (timeline); Computer science; Biochemical engineering; Carbon fibers; Environmental economics; Broad spectrum; Perspective (graphical); Climate change; Chemistry; Engineering; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007965622,0.001116521,0.001614092,0.00308784,0.0003301307,0.001347509,0.0009612161,0.001057267,0.004615886],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001211325,0.0004553582,0.0009795481,0.003725869,0.0003893981,0.001623131,0.0006836031,0.001008871,0.001266059],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006543626,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001784676,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001471011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002109098,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997262,0.00004760254,0.00004604495,0.00006115354,0.00008774388,0.00003122279],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993593,0.0003249896,0.00008540752,0.0000186138,0.0001848194,0.00002687592],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001148071,0.0001115791,0.0002591008,0.1537281,0.0003594279,0.0002863306,0.0001353854,0.001435808,0.004017072,0.01108333,0.03386083,0.7946082],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001146632,0.0002001732,0.0008098963,0.01766143,0.0005540575,0.0005723576,0.0001041429,0.0002671493,0.001728627,0.002594985,0.9754549,0.00004076543],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002030452,0.9985808,0.0001447648,0.0001784371,0.0001395932,0.000007315954,0.00002963764,0.00000502962,0.0007114341],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001197137,0.998099,0.0001831406,0.0001160769,0.00008560011,0.000009948995,0.00002959147,0.000001690191,0.0002777019],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004615886,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01544166,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05147227390643495,"score_gpt":0.3002573968392065,"score_spread":0.2487851229327716,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}