{"id":"W4297999374","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ac90ca","title":"The Sparkler: Evolved High-redshift Globular Cluster Candidates Captured by JWST","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal; University of Toronto; York University; Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics; Saint Mary's University; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada; Canadian Space Agency; Space Telescope Science Institute; Canarie; Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; University of Toronto; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Physics; Globular cluster; Astrophysics; James Webb Space Telescope; Galaxy; Photometry (optics); Redshift; Astronomy; Hubble space telescope; Star cluster; Stars","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004110079,0.0002774922,0.0002433507,0.00003864889,0.002792891,0.0003476827,0.0009585097,0.00001649737,0.0003688654],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006878855,0.000171267,0.0002429944,0.00024115,0.0002503031,0.0002958139,0.0002719892,0.0009924128,0.0001049126],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002427174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007249277,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003043412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002983695,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975365,0.0004574386,0.0004309698,0.0002133703,0.0007268069,0.000634863],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987799,0.0001605272,0.0003774525,0.0004540043,0.00006648841,0.0001616208],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005408324,0.0004325029,0.220238,0.000007161849,0.001099921,9.681925e-7,0.003318817,0.01815288,0.09533237,0.01382781,0.6462857,0.0007631563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002779434,0.0002990001,0.9389185,0.00001637073,0.000236328,0.00004412128,0.002280869,0.00463631,0.0008190623,0.005543733,0.04368583,0.0007404925],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9705639,0.00007314202,0.003744978,0.0246457,0.0005847891,0.0002305841,0.0000943022,0.0000249589,0.00003764634],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977069,0.000002918895,0.0001829684,0.0003017826,0.001334751,0.00005678962,0.00007969089,0.0000367967,0.0002973359],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7186805,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985054,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003407722022412608,"score_gpt":0.1798431194860367,"score_spread":0.176435397463624,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}