{"id":"W4302365621","doi":"10.1007/978-981-19-0351-9_21-1","title":"Open, Distance, and Digital Non-formal Education in Developing Countries","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education","topic":"Higher Education Learning Practices","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Developing country; Socioeconomic status; Population; Livelihood; Economic growth; Functional illiteracy; Developed country; Digital literacy; Formal education; Literacy; Political science; Public relations; Geography; Sociology; Economics; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005149637,0.0003096652,0.0004500423,0.000188647,0.0007112395,0.00388455,0.0008002216,0.0001593191,0.0004892843],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000224315,0.0003517585,0.00004151421,0.000158243,0.0005360896,0.0103632,0.0005181193,0.0002932969,0.00002748363],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004733819,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.009205653,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008916182,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001178214,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979759,0.00004031032,0.0006028769,0.0006003864,0.0004662433,0.0003142251],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981845,0.0002507188,0.0007947778,0.000298872,0.0003002182,0.0001709144],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001644658,0.0002607013,0.0141651,0.0002452261,0.00003405712,0.000001257622,0.01802739,0.000001641753,4.953513e-7,0.8493572,0.010981,0.1067614],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002563285,0.00004717318,0.00266761,0.001190591,0.00002221192,0.000003798628,0.007224041,8.950331e-7,0.000002669241,0.01277395,0.9753764,0.0004343616],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.005629464,0.007253334,0.000277054,0.002293395,0.0009474757,0.001465633,0.0001632504,0.00002356456,0.9819468],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.245188,0.0109153,0.0007136959,0.0006461873,0.000305525,0.0003047536,0.0009375312,0.00007565938,0.7409134],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9643953,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998934,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02551273875218307,"score_gpt":0.360389191195772,"score_spread":0.3348764524435889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}