{"id":"W4303644778","doi":"10.3390/fuels3040036","title":"Impact of Biochar Addition in Microwave Torrefaction of Camelina Straw and Switchgrass for Biofuel Production","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Sugar Research and Development Corporation; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biochar; Biofuel; Straw; Bioenergy; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Combustion; Chemistry; Camelina; Pyrolysis; Waste management; Agronomy; Food science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007355853,0.00006742585,0.000111168,0.0001087346,0.0000171946,0.000002491193,0.00004285339,0.00003521535,0.0001036781],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000029402,0.00007002187,0.0000396749,0.0001750854,0.00001840321,0.00007772754,0.00001745377,0.00005867984,6.130115e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008654471,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001591567,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000263727,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005754183,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995685,0.000009132061,0.0001582953,0.0001078392,0.00006974075,0.00008647089],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997875,0.00002468976,0.00005556054,0.00007513649,0.00003788763,0.00001921073],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005216965,0.00003090918,0.001218976,0.0002527204,0.00001810347,1.876356e-7,0.0001438131,0.0000993389,0.9931552,0.000009909159,0.0002383318,0.004780389],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002470874,0.0001193956,0.004560704,0.00001637483,0.000008419685,0.000004134105,0.0001674,0.00004721533,0.9940419,0.0006674288,0.00004935938,0.00007057298],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9989217,0.0003183021,0.0001407166,0.0000200289,0.0001533793,0.0001957602,0.0001970032,0.00002971544,0.00002342899],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999628,0.00003140247,0.0002046113,0.000001430487,0.00002232943,0.00003242144,0.00005960256,0.00001125487,0.000008959855],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004709816,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2855409,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009704062351586579,"score_gpt":0.2300225387953056,"score_spread":0.220318476443719,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}