{"id":"W4303644778","doi":"10.3390/fuels3040036","title":"Impact of Biochar Addition in Microwave Torrefaction of Camelina Straw and Switchgrass for Biofuel Production","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Sugar Research and Development Corporation; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biochar; Biofuel; Straw; Bioenergy; Biomass (ecology); Pulp and paper industry; Combustion; Chemistry; Camelina; Pyrolysis; Waste management; Agronomy; Food science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001884854,0.0004011149,0.0002861352,0.0002156104,0.0001416999,0.0003835798,0.000174031,0.0002820927,0.0006351501],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001788945,0.0001416058,0.0004097352,0.0001951539,0.0001529244,0.0002968382,0.0001570709,0.0002917425,0.0001029176],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002322464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001516076,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001156123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002293784,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998605,0.00002228753,0.00001325173,0.00003919051,0.00002687656,0.00003797884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999256,0.00001904653,0.00002035649,0.000005870855,0.00001497026,0.00001407076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002401984,0.00001910516,0.0003491298,0.00006328811,0.00001745438,0.00003821472,0.00001033983,0.0001182594,0.9980452,0.00001303852,0.00000916031,0.001076638],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007385941,0.0003451465,0.004952532,0.00000507808,0.00003906787,0.00003778042,0.0000264792,0.00036828,0.9937437,0.000008307136,0.0004610501,0.000005131881],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983938,0.0006777393,0.0004924122,0.00001716948,0.00001590915,0.00000754127,0.00009432016,0.00001063454,0.0002903581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984396,0.0004349559,0.0006361614,0.0000230211,0.000004497618,0.000006131413,0.0001060677,0.000007904428,0.0003416473],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001156123,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002298832,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009704062351586579,"score_gpt":0.2300225387953056,"score_spread":0.220318476443719,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}