{"id":"W4308026387","doi":"10.1109/pesgm48719.2022.9916999","title":"Dynamic Load Altering EV Attacks Against Power Grid Frequency Control","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"2022 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Blackout; Grid; Software deployment; Computer science; Controller (irrigation); Electric power system; Power (physics); Control (management); Stability (learning theory); Dynamic demand; Computer security; Distributed computing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001069764,0.0007042118,0.0006559686,0.0001155062,0.001157391,0.0001397009,0.0009551126,0.0002717972,0.0008837317],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007089782,0.0007890968,0.000780274,0.0007372432,0.000170258,0.0002596866,0.0002348651,0.001186663,0.00007157679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001101491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001591554,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002970609,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003553928,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9953501,0.0002964367,0.000833759,0.000930425,0.001217156,0.001372158],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982852,0.0001647904,0.0001993159,0.0008854577,0.0001280489,0.0003371612],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002185756,0.00009634758,0.0004009027,0.00005262651,0.0003246935,0.00003179523,0.002997497,0.6535797,0.2899411,0.0001216893,0.05203354,0.0003983279],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003315443,0.0002499227,0.0004705503,0.000168162,0.000166378,0.0001554225,0.001365726,0.2693474,0.005801319,0.0003682101,0.7151098,0.003481676],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9604352,0.006597088,0.008444607,0.0005010861,0.01388482,0.0002982124,0.0002936193,0.001142682,0.00840265],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9889176,0.0007783457,0.00389601,0.002391777,0.0008088776,0.0002620065,0.0001780874,0.0002287895,0.002538449],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6630763,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999456,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006541437708325137,"score_gpt":0.2141699772793446,"score_spread":0.2076285395710195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}