{"id":"W4308026387","doi":"10.1109/pesgm48719.2022.9916999","title":"Dynamic Load Altering EV Attacks Against Power Grid Frequency Control","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"2022 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Blackout; Grid; Software deployment; Computer science; Controller (irrigation); Electric power system; Power (physics); Control (management); Stability (learning theory); Dynamic demand; Computer security; Distributed computing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003363406,0.0005268164,0.0002390032,0.0002550098,0.0002235312,0.0005381615,0.0002883213,0.0005411666,0.00136029],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001226257,0.00008517901,0.0002199567,0.00009547517,0.0005789422,0.0007069872,0.0006594807,0.0005024571,0.0002150499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002965174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002139324,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006575176,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005158566,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995984,0.0001231359,0.00002065646,0.00006097161,0.0001282462,0.00006868547],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995875,0.0001826488,0.0000694485,0.00007717901,0.00006639119,0.00001684521],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004776143,0.0001412163,0.002166156,0.0002088606,0.00007373649,0.00100642,0.0003389254,0.6577647,0.1309373,0.07921526,0.002478329,0.1251917],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001592392,0.0002259872,0.0003707594,0.00001581689,0.0000119949,0.0001855282,0.00006458243,0.9670447,0.02305992,0.006738805,0.002254586,0.00001142599],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2180087,0.0002287401,0.7498245,0.0005554679,0.0001055695,0.0001294015,0.00003779458,0.001135979,0.02997379],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914721,0.00005614411,0.007222487,0.00004288881,0.00000862265,0.00001671068,0.000007723155,0.00001001788,0.001163335],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.00136029,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004550636,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006541437708325137,"score_gpt":0.2141699772793446,"score_spread":0.2076285395710195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}