{"id":"W4308627330","doi":"10.1145/3548659.3561310","title":"Academic search engines: constraints, bugs, and recommendations","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Open Source Software Innovations","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast","keywords":"Usability; Search analytics; Search engine; Computer science; Search engine optimization; Set (abstract data type); Snowball sampling; World Wide Web; Digital library; Information retrieval; Data science; Web search query; Human–computer interaction","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005195388,0.00006494215,0.00006809718,0.0001564323,0.0004411081,0.00008021552,0.0005887676,0.00002254764,0.0010013],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004816712,0.00006898103,0.00001464212,0.000838817,0.00007047647,0.0003200324,0.0008423408,0.0004101224,0.0000385793],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004587636,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000102609,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002011339,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001153513,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991274,0.00007568525,0.0001719661,0.0002420776,0.0002037333,0.0001791205],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993914,0.0001939061,0.00002857279,0.0002735782,0.00005639607,0.00005611844],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[6.885182e-7,0.00002999613,0.002330336,0.000003484467,0.00001282008,0.000003677118,0.001654169,0.0001540668,0.0003222162,0.8264248,0.02266138,0.1464024],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001475098,0.0002691122,0.008613151,0.00002286114,0.00001376268,0.000725598,0.007973696,0.07702892,0.001307371,0.02854968,0.8729137,0.001107081],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01698799,0.0000642907,0.9248626,0.04777471,0.000344407,0.0002684935,0.00002738667,0.0004729262,0.009197249],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8899668,0.00001562477,0.1053088,0.002289861,0.00003204711,0.00006434019,0.00001871977,0.000008588538,0.002295286],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8729788,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999119,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03160691654576168,"score_gpt":0.2993039281746542,"score_spread":0.2676970116288925,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}