{"id":"W4309271410","doi":"10.1007/s00170-022-10445-3","title":"Digital twin and its applications: A survey","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":87,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Tianjin Municipal Education Commission","keywords":"Twin cities; Fidelity; Computer science; Synchronization (alternating current); Data science; Telecommunications; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001716148,0.00008104644,0.00009600999,0.0002575697,0.00006581651,0.00005311779,0.0006961153,0.00003278722,0.00003468858],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004319897,0.00006904705,0.00002921345,0.000102281,0.00003969458,0.0003711348,0.000145462,0.0004257507,0.000005669913],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001114776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001458904,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":3.305555e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.441346e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992908,0.000008258683,0.0002819751,0.0000607029,0.0002572205,0.0001010745],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995785,0.0001175735,0.0001058874,0.00009682161,0.00007781007,0.00002344591],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001532194,0.00009436991,0.0004884633,0.0000292179,0.0004674346,0.00005124252,0.0002207568,0.3489836,0.004174731,0.01491159,0.001182825,0.6292425],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001957718,0.0002368969,0.003239648,0.0000609688,0.00002382742,0.003982785,0.002233863,0.001343276,0.2437378,0.04723811,0.6954283,0.0005168609],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9882103,0.0007497458,0.003889748,0.001612093,0.0006675369,0.0001690422,0.0001102742,0.0001816296,0.004409624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994134,0.0001319716,0.0002176335,0.00004412192,0.00004359628,0.00003219595,0.000006401884,0.00001389701,0.00009681111],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6942455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2815657,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01106993930380874,"score_gpt":0.2340416626623519,"score_spread":0.2229717233585432,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}