{"id":"W4309905423","doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0","title":"Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":134,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Goddard Space Flight Center; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Marshall Space Flight Center; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Háskóli Íslands; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Stockholms Universitet; Aarhus Universitet; Turun Yliopisto; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Science Foundation; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana; Universitetet i Oslo; Yale University; University of Crete; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Space Telescope Science Institute; NordForsk; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California Institute of Technology","keywords":"Physics; Blazar; Particle acceleration; Astrophysics; Polarization (electrochemistry); Active galactic nucleus; Astrophysical jet; Plasma; Linear polarization; Shock wave; Optics; Gamma ray; Galaxy; Laser; Nuclear physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008738188,0.00009256451,0.0001110858,0.00002773555,0.0001666518,0.0000345191,0.0001641196,0.00005549031,0.0007662434],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000001254459,0.0000945827,0.00005431573,0.0002362623,0.000009619023,0.0001049052,0.0001126742,0.001322729,0.00001486082],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005083652,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005070102,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000656273,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002105778,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999262,0.00004219027,0.0001271157,0.0001827418,0.0001715675,0.000214439],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997172,0.00001342688,0.00004862166,0.0001623757,0.00001862557,0.00003978567],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000278816,0.001449779,0.2415708,0.00001028659,0.000152629,0.00001737869,0.003105863,0.003578624,0.1946362,0.4691293,0.008000518,0.07806975],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01558293,0.0009055741,0.1931373,0.00003293126,0.0001367335,0.000005291611,0.01278977,0.04676916,0.03197291,0.5486223,0.1473926,0.002652551],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9920169,0.00009021007,0.0008079131,0.0006266722,0.0001742845,0.0001539153,0.00005712519,0.00002082321,0.006052169],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986042,2.87442e-7,0.00009932154,0.0004447213,0.0002050045,0.0000596492,0.0000709149,0.00001257226,0.0005033553],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1626633,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8389828,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005987248620435816,"score_gpt":0.2300905914217749,"score_spread":0.2241033428013391,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}