{"id":"W4309905423","doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0","title":"Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature","topic":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":134,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Goddard Space Flight Center; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Marshall Space Flight Center; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Háskóli Íslands; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Stockholms Universitet; Aarhus Universitet; Turun Yliopisto; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Science Foundation; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana; Universitetet i Oslo; Yale University; University of Crete; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Space Telescope Science Institute; NordForsk; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California Institute of Technology","keywords":"Physics; Blazar; Particle acceleration; Astrophysics; Polarization (electrochemistry); Active galactic nucleus; Astrophysical jet; Plasma; Linear polarization; Shock wave; Optics; Gamma ray; Galaxy; Laser; Nuclear physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001539387,0.000264582,0.0001200799,0.0005552023,0.0002583722,0.0007196777,0.0001236605,0.0003761187,0.003074174],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002835839,0.000159505,0.0001032137,0.0004111473,0.0006354616,0.0002464365,0.0004103477,0.0003750859,0.0005461851],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001059381,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003452688,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002061298,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001851788,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999083,0.00001331329,0.000004714143,0.0000233878,0.00002646387,0.00002370035],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994954,0.00006559915,0.0003212762,0.00003244397,0.00003489095,0.00005036073],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004866121,0.00005124233,0.2700663,0.000100615,0.00005600398,0.0009653176,0.0001947991,0.0001921321,0.7208344,0.001151649,0.0006142668,0.005286589],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001266894,0.0001607641,0.9292503,0.00001514242,0.00002408016,0.001763883,0.0001831112,0.0002674981,0.06659628,0.00050577,0.001211994,0.000008546031],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9944587,0.0003143312,0.0009329764,0.00006981126,0.00001432519,0.000008042053,0.0001960839,0.00005851056,0.003947217],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989397,0.0001156418,0.000330421,0.00006193607,0.0000159975,0.000003463387,0.000134422,0.000003599124,0.0003947109],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003074174,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01028413,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005987248620435816,"score_gpt":0.2300905914217749,"score_spread":0.2241033428013391,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}