{"id":"W4312696521","doi":"10.1080/25740881.2022.2089584","title":"Tailoring biochar production for use as a reinforcing bio-based filler in rubber composites: a review","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials","topic":"Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval; McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Filler (materials); Biochar; Natural rubber; Materials science; Carbon black; Composite material; Pyrolysis; Composite number; Waste management","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003520779,0.0009294682,0.0008097076,0.002057243,0.000235467,0.0007266056,0.00047433,0.0007486341,0.002719258],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000363838,0.0003483705,0.0004625485,0.002159378,0.0002289027,0.001068968,0.0004220405,0.00082498,0.001366877],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003097423,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007403705,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007379935,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001467167,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998839,0.00001307376,0.00001463181,0.00002701312,0.00004795413,0.00001344541],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998206,0.0000835684,0.00003463654,0.000005695466,0.00004173929,0.00001375158],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000058037,0.0001642635,0.0002397491,0.05267665,0.0001272798,0.0002691873,0.00009637921,0.001185413,0.01878748,0.005835675,0.01401856,0.9065413],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000826112,0.0002050224,0.0008700421,0.004222511,0.0001790488,0.0008669978,0.00008150906,0.0002882832,0.007040114,0.001399031,0.9848087,0.00003049579],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006830986,0.9968906,0.000419778,0.0001188069,0.0001396876,0.000008706662,0.00003435833,0.00001132878,0.001693662],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001806319,0.9967542,0.0004365217,0.00006629114,0.00005807387,0.000009071035,0.00003559239,0.000002208219,0.0008318294],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002719258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009096801,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05007014308081589,"score_gpt":0.2958925257590614,"score_spread":0.2458223826782455,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}