{"id":"W4312873207","doi":"10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892584","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Penetration Testing of Cyber-Physical Attacks in the Smart Grid","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada); Ericsson (Canada)","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Computer science; Cyber-physical system; Reinforcement learning; Smart grid; Sandbox (software development); Distributed computing; Emulation; Cyber-attack; Computer security; Interconnectivity; Grid; Markov decision process; Artificial intelligence; Markov process; Engineering; Software engineering; Operating system","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003155422,0.0001529468,0.0001651604,0.0001080171,0.0001711345,0.00005389256,0.0004028826,0.0000336485,0.0001850025],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008653873,0.0001323982,0.00009103148,0.0002387198,0.00004105005,0.0001224015,0.00009938796,0.0006282848,0.000002507926],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009727715,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002102669,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002999022,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005011008,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986196,0.00009502815,0.0003485689,0.000208402,0.0004905977,0.0002377676],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992782,0.00035979,0.0001095884,0.0001356981,0.00008514692,0.00003160656],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004756513,0.0000483093,0.0009189203,0.00001305817,0.00001487212,0.000006069989,0.0005365194,0.9894409,0.0006421531,0.004938456,0.0006015042,0.002791699],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003846574,0.0002765801,0.003267709,0.00003774112,0.000005372586,0.00001305011,0.000379634,0.9939031,0.0001605409,0.0001768201,0.001256391,0.0001383978],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8870866,0.0000919072,0.08092085,0.002338005,0.005723887,0.005014719,0.00002012054,0.0002810626,0.01852282],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980818,0.00001075827,0.0000658037,0.0001766362,0.0004175634,0.001068755,0.00008769629,0.00001497711,0.00007600254],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1109952,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5399043,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03231592061244398,"score_gpt":0.2545667348104382,"score_spread":0.2222508141979943,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}