{"id":"W4313025298","doi":"10.1039/d2ee03072a","title":"Likely substantial underestimation of reported methane emissions from United Kingdom upstream oil and gas activities","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Environmental Science","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"McGill University; Cranfield University; Harvard University; Princeton University","keywords":"Greenhouse gas; Upstream (networking); Methane emissions; Environmental science; Methane; Fugitive emissions; Climate change; Fossil fuel; Oil and natural gas; Atmospheric emissions; Emission inventory; Environmental protection; Atmospheric sciences; Waste management; Geography; Meteorology; Engineering; Air quality index; Chemistry; Oceanography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003229066,0.0002378709,0.0002172513,0.00004401955,0.0006916476,0.00002604984,0.0004555767,0.00005218705,0.003637841],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001868264,0.0002375997,0.00006049229,0.0005722077,0.002146217,0.0004337601,0.001207542,0.0001789048,0.000006844967],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006824657,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000248363,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00447505,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005389985,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9973899,0.0001045308,0.0003636674,0.0006637045,0.001074035,0.0004042306],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989658,0.00008017854,0.000307234,0.0004162708,0.000001026408,0.0002295072],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009355963,0.000450255,0.06454614,0.000002658416,0.00003132332,0.00003488685,0.000903713,0.1323934,0.7473938,0.0003945179,0.00005081694,0.05370499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003660152,0.001325121,0.5092245,0.00006458687,0.000382783,0.0003719143,0.01422552,0.1989765,0.2182811,0.00502548,0.04563853,0.002823795],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961494,0.00004980434,0.001477959,0.0001199949,0.0001270292,0.00004096773,0.00003984479,0.00003532336,0.001959716],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9930234,0.0001630284,0.005457972,0.0001358476,0.00001540462,0.00002532782,0.00007290585,0.00002367777,0.001082444],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5291127,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.997273,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01347865343222709,"score_gpt":0.2181231875470108,"score_spread":0.2046445341147837,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}