{"id":"W4313204828","doi":"10.2196/39650","title":"An Ensemble Learning Approach to Improving Prediction of Case Duration for Spine Surgery: Algorithm Development and Validation","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JMIR Perioperative Medicine","topic":"Healthcare Operations and Scheduling Optimization","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health","keywords":"Random forest; Mean squared error; Gradient boosting; Statistics; Variance (accounting); Mathematics; Linear regression; Regression; Ensemble learning; Metric (unit); Machine learning; Algorithm; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Engineering; Operations management","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007603279,0.001198799,0.001609423,0.00217702,0.000588595,0.0008509012,0.001581892,0.001175997,0.001060207],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01320661,0.0004564566,0.001035366,0.001338767,0.0003156905,0.0009755884,0.001047531,0.001821516,0.0002801848],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008801986,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001775109,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009159144,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006358128,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982351,0.0008694782,0.0001650633,0.0003429831,0.0002600616,0.0001273001],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9904081,0.006198767,0.0005099202,0.0005408798,0.002137439,0.0002048794],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000206826,0.0002481881,0.01888553,0.0000685088,0.0003039171,0.00008503452,0.00008195318,0.7169468,0.001283739,0.0009308303,0.001699493,0.2592592],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008649563,0.00004443317,0.000755213,0.000008047837,0.00001781726,0.00001766006,0.000006287346,0.9982365,0.000293776,0.0004797085,0.0001271781,0.000004647073],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.1314869,0.0009779981,0.863628,0.0004516942,0.00009624849,0.0001918328,0.0003249003,0.001927331,0.0009151087],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6681455,0.000408854,0.3291574,0.0001763548,0.00009184748,0.0003933512,0.0008111779,0.000083511,0.0007320796],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009159144,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04021043,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09352048809674311,"score_gpt":0.4067402392428752,"score_spread":0.313219751146132,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}