{"id":"W4313210124","doi":"10.31107/2075-1990-2022-6-8-24","title":"Regional Tax Competition in Canada, the United States and Russia: Assessment of Regulatory Experience","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Financial Journal","topic":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Tax competition; Legislation; Value-added tax; Public economics; Revenue; Business; Competition (biology); Ad valorem tax; Tax reform; Tax revenue; Economic policy; Economics; International economics; International trade; Political science; Accounting","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000437537,0.00004187595,0.00007537683,0.00003805044,0.0006423611,0.0000196808,0.0001291944,0.00001439567,0.0001839337],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003205593,0.00003495641,0.00001553706,0.0003105894,0.0001095545,0.00009620385,0.00003549171,0.0001709794,8.953981e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007264194,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001820326,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5847105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6049835,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987478,0.0001926552,0.000186564,0.00006810905,0.0006567542,0.0001480793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996634,0.00004737069,0.0001651601,0.00004565895,0.00003932257,0.00003912701],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006788644,0.0001027195,0.5663248,0.000007393566,0.000006263706,0.00005692646,0.01832128,0.01121278,0.00006555531,0.3817941,0.01996869,0.002071564],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002539841,0.00003393033,0.8154595,0.00001752738,0.000002645351,0.000008694525,0.01244418,0.0006801941,0.00001087815,0.00194558,0.1690828,0.00006003737],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9966255,0.00008886804,0.0003193859,0.002068112,0.0002311303,0.00007477387,0.00001281439,0.000001971703,0.0005774598],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986905,0.0005054374,0.00003561436,0.0005847918,0.00006541935,0.000007933468,0.00000635412,0.000002230511,0.0001017485],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3798485,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4940587,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01361241090278259,"score_gpt":0.2653500434654846,"score_spread":0.251737632562702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}