{"id":"W4313892441","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-21796-8_13","title":"Fake Degrees and Fraudulent Credentials in Higher Education: Conclusions and Future Directions","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Ethics and integrity in educational contexts","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Credential; Terminology; Action (physics); Public relations; Political science; Institution; Engineering ethics; Key (lock); Sociology; Engineering; Computer science; Computer security; Law; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00358815,0.0004816614,0.0007757657,0.002311146,0.003038923,0.01317392,0.001609675,0.00473478,0.02150693],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006821143,0.0003182734,0.000431764,0.004736553,0.01294708,0.01427553,0.003116131,0.003805579,0.0009547154],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006088749,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007226279,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008817208,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01923426,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982822,0.0009384747,0.00004815357,0.0001605617,0.000326238,0.0002443685],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9876408,0.009641686,0.000574599,0.0004069418,0.001226965,0.0005090767],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003040722,0.0001094261,0.002497611,0.0002722603,0.000008288688,0.0002494418,0.00358375,0.0002828472,0.00004204216,0.9184632,0.01754814,0.05691265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002100676,0.00004434084,0.008935863,0.002120411,0.00002751521,0.0005815251,0.03592708,0.001328805,0.000209786,0.8437364,0.1070251,0.00004220465],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.04957148,0.1862331,0.008968852,0.2091778,0.002218679,0.00009903718,0.0001928458,0.00004500391,0.5434933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6988357,0.1335648,0.005017918,0.01324193,0.003011535,0.0001291809,0.0001664171,0.00003913676,0.1459934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9952652,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07194787,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1047299883930914,"score_gpt":0.3862573870608013,"score_spread":0.2815273986677099,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}