{"id":"W4316038657","doi":"10.1017/s0261444822000507","title":"How effective is second language incidental vocabulary learning? A meta-analysis","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Teaching","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Active listening; Vocabulary; Psychology; Contrast (vision); Moderation; Reading (process); Meaning (existential); Vocabulary development; Affect (linguistics); Language acquisition; Incidental learning; Vocabulary learning; Cognitive psychology; Variation (astronomy); Meta-analysis; Control (management); Linguistics; Mathematics education; Teaching method; Computer science; Social psychology; Artificial intelligence; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01853129,0.002131089,0.01607173,0.005226966,0.0006079742,0.004098389,0.00250002,0.002548262,0.004272904],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04659712,0.001157482,0.0379758,0.004814105,0.001247056,0.002456567,0.001610858,0.002090652,0.0003832337],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002241805,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001683763,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004200905,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006704501,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9860306,0.006448044,0.003903806,0.002009183,0.001290216,0.0003182368],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9556444,0.03566052,0.004892156,0.001483391,0.001759362,0.0005601865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"meta_analysis","study_design_gemma":"meta_analysis","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002933749,0.00004195351,0.005847499,0.131513,0.8493388,0.00009121672,0.0001192546,0.0002337833,0.000225991,0.0001002414,0.0002758189,0.009278564],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008382395,0.000440211,0.00715847,0.01335864,0.9763414,0.00007897608,0.00007680327,0.0001128964,0.0002128545,0.0002253657,0.001135603,0.00002051566],"study_design_candidate":"meta_analysis","study_design_consensus":"meta_analysis","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02457913,0.9717682,0.001151521,0.000361469,0.0003378036,0.0003961799,0.0007786476,0.00005438138,0.0005727051],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6746214,0.3181769,0.002612229,0.001171391,0.000355453,0.001360469,0.001097415,0.00008692514,0.0005177343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01853129,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09800392,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02177258594853049,"score_gpt":0.3344554714392208,"score_spread":0.3126828854906903,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}