{"id":"W4317423857","doi":"10.3390/su15031843","title":"Artificial Intelligence Tools and Techniques to Combat Herbicide Resistant Weeds—A Review","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Weed Control and Herbicide Applications","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Weed; Herbicide resistance; Weed control; Artificial intelligence; Identification (biology); Computer science; Resistance (ecology); Biology; Agronomy; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004301315,0.0007815113,0.0008487526,0.002461443,0.0002393438,0.0009586106,0.0006660691,0.0008956212,0.002758971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006003212,0.0002297725,0.0005551113,0.002044281,0.0003905726,0.001192065,0.0004121004,0.001010238,0.001120735],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003366022,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007469748,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009490045,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001019803,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997806,0.00003192724,0.00003152027,0.00003767301,0.0001016445,0.00001663344],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999619,0.0002316982,0.00004661809,0.00001070223,0.00007573953,0.00001616107],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003667269,0.000147725,0.0002840774,0.01998802,0.0001042234,0.0001859188,0.0000910366,0.0009868792,0.004188734,0.00526735,0.01346394,0.9552555],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001224923,0.0002687451,0.001707214,0.006214472,0.0001937753,0.001043285,0.0001233443,0.0007004719,0.002528097,0.00526372,0.9819005,0.00004405999],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004320839,0.9951717,0.001148731,0.0002898846,0.0002070933,0.00001460971,0.00002457778,0.00002052474,0.002690713],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002256146,0.9950289,0.001418457,0.0001855379,0.0001824631,0.00001598344,0.00004207158,0.000003846976,0.0008665558],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002758971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00922972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03645516736394608,"score_gpt":0.3018544066841034,"score_spread":0.2653992393201573,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}