{"id":"W4318393808","doi":"10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00007-4","title":"Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet Global Health","topic":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":229,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University; Division of Human Resource Development; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University; Care and Public Health Research Institute, Universiteit Maastricht; National Health and Medical Research Council; European Social Fund; Medical Research Council; Samsung; Uniwersytet Opolski; Farhangian University; George Institute for Global Health; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; Universitas Syiah Kuala; Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin; Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Directorate for Biological Sciences; Menofia University; University of Peradeniya; Dire Dawa University; Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia; Tarbiat Modares University; University of Gondar; Universitatea din București; Urmia University; Universitas Indonesia; Xiamen University; Universidad de Chile; Akademiska Sjukhuset; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Jimma University; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Flinders University; Universiteit Utrecht; Nankai University; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Haramaya University; Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali; Western Sydney University; Tartu Ülikool; George Mason University; Uppsala Universitet; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; London School of Economics and Political Science; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; University of Crete; Universiti Malaya; King Abdulaziz University; Madda Walabu University; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; University of the Western Cape; Rajshahi University; Fundación Valle del Lili; Universitat de València; Division of Research Capacity Development; Helsingin Yliopisto; Delhi Technological University; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Islamic Azad University; Korea University; Gachon University; Ewha Womans University; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; Università di Catania; Universidad ICESI; University of New South Wales; Public Health England; Universiteit Maastricht; Zagazig University; Case Western Reserve University; University of Sydney; Ain Shams University; Wuhan University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Amity University; Masarykova Univerzita; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; University of Leeds; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Saveetha Dental College; Central University of Kerala; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tribhuvan University; Bundesministerium für Gesundheit; South African Medical Research Council; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Krishna Institute Of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University; Monash University; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; Mekelle University; University of Reading; Yazd University; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Università degli Studi di Milano; University of South Carolina; Bournemouth University; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Vanderbilt University; National Treasury; Rice University; Jazan University; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; Public Health Wales; Tulane University; Nanyang Technological University; Universidade da Beira Interior; University of Georgia; Johns Hopkins University; Jahrom University of Medical Sciences; London South Bank University; Debre Tabor University; University Of Nigeria Nsukka; Università di Bologna; Jackson State University; Ahmadu Bello University; Jordan University of Science and Technology; McMaster University; Rajarata University of Sri Lanka; Yale University; Kyung Hee University; Universidad de Concepción; Universidad de Antioquia; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Preparedness; Pandemic; Global health; Economic growth; Business; Government (linguistics); Health care; Context (archaeology); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Environmental health; Medicine; Political science; Economics; Geography; Disease; Infectious disease (medical specialty)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001553161,0.0001544341,0.0004896953,0.00007089848,0.0003673229,0.00004202705,0.0000749198,0.00005577564,0.000004797658],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001487742,0.0001106223,0.00001375064,0.000679306,0.0001470564,0.00004863098,0.0001451487,0.0001912305,0.00001039229],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001962605,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001050008,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003858787,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004170956,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981856,0.000211984,0.0003200136,0.0003674369,0.0002902155,0.0006247565],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989669,0.0001318439,0.00009258647,0.0001656756,0.00001275814,0.0006302676],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001978375,0.00003223865,0.944464,0.0005019806,0.00002941459,0.00002298277,0.0005793361,0.00001069088,0.000001101754,0.001233508,0.004413886,0.048513],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001916975,0.0003085916,0.9879494,0.0003003944,0.000006180549,0.00009753679,0.0002888422,0.000192152,3.702346e-7,0.002035456,0.006816815,0.00008731227],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9804365,0.001650283,0.00009342181,0.01623065,0.00006492495,0.0007497143,0.0001364774,0.00009921224,0.0005388312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9898326,0.003552801,0.0001928113,0.006159218,0.0001151285,0.00002899114,0.0000434304,0.00000781263,0.00006721226],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04842569,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5833357,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1464079441759214,"score_gpt":0.489116520838233,"score_spread":0.3427085766623116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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