{"id":"W4318393808","doi":"10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00007-4","title":"Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet Global Health","topic":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":229,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University; Division of Human Resource Development; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University; Care and Public Health Research Institute, Universiteit Maastricht; National Health and Medical Research Council; European Social Fund; Medical Research Council; Samsung; Uniwersytet Opolski; Farhangian University; George Institute for Global Health; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; Universitas Syiah Kuala; Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin; Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; Istituto Auxologico Italiano; Directorate for Biological Sciences; Menofia University; University of Peradeniya; Dire Dawa University; Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia; Tarbiat Modares University; University of Gondar; Universitatea din București; Urmia University; Universitas Indonesia; Xiamen University; Universidad de Chile; Akademiska Sjukhuset; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Jimma University; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Flinders University; Universiteit Utrecht; Nankai University; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Haramaya University; Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali; Western Sydney University; Tartu Ülikool; George Mason University; Uppsala Universitet; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; London School of Economics and Political Science; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; University of Crete; Universiti Malaya; King Abdulaziz University; Madda Walabu University; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; University of the Western Cape; Rajshahi University; Fundación Valle del Lili; Universitat de València; Division of Research Capacity Development; Helsingin Yliopisto; Delhi Technological University; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Islamic Azad University; Korea University; Gachon University; Ewha Womans University; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; Università di Catania; Universidad ICESI; University of New South Wales; Public Health England; Universiteit Maastricht; Zagazig University; Case Western Reserve University; University of Sydney; Ain Shams University; Wuhan University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Amity University; Masarykova Univerzita; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; University of Leeds; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Saveetha Dental College; Central University of Kerala; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tribhuvan University; Bundesministerium für Gesundheit; South African Medical Research Council; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Krishna Institute Of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University; Monash University; South Eastern Sydney Local Health District; Mekelle University; University of Reading; Yazd University; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Università degli Studi di Milano; University of South Carolina; Bournemouth University; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Vanderbilt University; National Treasury; Rice University; Jazan University; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; Public Health Wales; Tulane University; Nanyang Technological University; Universidade da Beira Interior; University of Georgia; Johns Hopkins University; Jahrom University of Medical Sciences; London South Bank University; Debre Tabor University; University Of Nigeria Nsukka; Università di Bologna; Jackson State University; Ahmadu Bello University; Jordan University of Science and Technology; McMaster University; Rajarata University of Sri Lanka; Yale University; Kyung Hee University; Universidad de Concepción; Universidad de Antioquia; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; University of Ottawa","keywords":"Preparedness; Pandemic; Global health; Economic growth; Business; Government (linguistics); Health care; Context (archaeology); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Environmental health; Medicine; Political science; Economics; Geography; Disease; Infectious disease (medical specialty)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00105041,0.0005068543,0.0002282454,0.00293505,0.0002143312,0.001465997,0.0002461723,0.0003359131,0.00233485],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00489612,0.0001618946,0.0006967444,0.008871355,0.0004818982,0.001388941,0.001393572,0.0006917409,0.0003856474],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002749879,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002026869,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05090247,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03917737,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993207,0.0001677859,0.00006424872,0.00007560343,0.0001303056,0.0002413562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978757,0.0004352288,0.0009840651,0.00005415771,0.0003662144,0.0002845789],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000215846,0.00003643847,0.939608,0.0004896407,0.000338664,0.0002624691,0.0005768567,0.01330927,0.0001786567,0.006227534,0.009946186,0.02881038],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001818778,0.00008002478,0.965414,0.0004033767,0.0001633583,0.0003026966,0.001231311,0.003985359,0.0003577215,0.001082685,0.02694539,0.00001585677],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8968629,0.008216301,0.0007924163,0.005554478,0.0000988787,0.00003844765,0.06961911,0.0000822154,0.01873518],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9772786,0.003845588,0.0003952642,0.0001923309,0.00004952299,0.00003732421,0.01695859,0.00001383294,0.001228997],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05090247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1012124,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1464079441759214,"score_gpt":0.489116520838233,"score_spread":0.3427085766623116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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