{"id":"W4318540711","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127573","title":"Tracking the histories of individual fuel particles in packed bed combustion","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Combustion; Particle (ecology); Shrinkage; Materials science; Tracking (education); Sampling (signal processing); Volume (thermodynamics); Fluidized bed; Packed bed; Mechanics; Particle size; Composite material; Waste management; Chemical engineering; Computer science; Chemistry; Geology; Engineering; Physics; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001500072,0.0000671782,0.00009303537,0.00006099502,0.00001612952,0.00001236606,0.0001559295,0.00004858906,0.00003671252],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009709076,0.00005457125,0.00002436858,0.0004237026,0.00005362153,0.00008007339,0.00003432717,0.00008016069,0.0000264503],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002852816,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008898422,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004459233,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001486952,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994747,0.00001505653,0.0001527443,0.00007446845,0.0001433559,0.000139671],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996951,0.0001245438,0.00002468321,0.0001116128,0.00002239606,0.00002162552],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004029849,0.00005753529,0.01317768,0.001053959,0.00007293016,0.00001391517,0.0188115,0.000546021,0.9378395,0.002718812,0.005450577,0.02021727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006312566,0.00002331556,0.03733233,0.00005896036,0.00002705453,0.000001617682,0.00276006,0.0005251256,0.9492049,0.00706714,0.002154299,0.0002139513],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986593,0.0004410614,0.000007555367,0.0002820484,0.0001796675,0.00006034183,0.00001000528,0.0002073381,0.0001526591],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9998305,0.0000356272,0.00004285817,0.0000161426,0.00001928795,0.00001010931,0.0000127896,0.00001237674,0.00002023525],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02415465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2225351,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02292995528576999,"score_gpt":0.224238597750322,"score_spread":0.201308642464552,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}