{"id":"W4319299338","doi":"10.2514/1.j062427","title":"Flow Separation in Airfoils with Rough Leading Edges","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AIAA Journal","topic":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs; Bombardier","keywords":"Airfoil; Trailing edge; Flow separation; Leading edge; Mechanics; Turbulence; Angle of attack; Vortex; Chord (peer-to-peer); Stall (fluid mechanics); Surface finish; Physics; Geometry; Materials science; Aerodynamics; Mathematics; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001874915,0.00007979482,0.0001077117,0.0002339755,0.0000767786,0.00005646833,0.00008847253,0.00005835124,0.000007330564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003470844,0.0000652439,0.00001981627,0.0003774008,0.00001653314,0.0001586945,0.0000122642,0.0003101133,0.0001183863],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005602286,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001231534,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003979303,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002483981,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994717,0.000009768185,0.0001307855,0.00006408958,0.0001051734,0.0002185078],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998187,0.00003437362,0.00001948811,0.00008712885,0.00001741816,0.0000228664],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000932934,0.000005745926,0.006861494,0.00002311651,0.00002470314,0.0001420355,0.001040566,0.8856385,0.001413731,0.000151365,0.01697213,0.08771725],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001767296,0.0003748501,0.03577199,0.001054722,0.00003649242,0.001027557,0.002085105,0.77284,0.1687201,0.008377146,0.007113812,0.0008309014],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9723222,0.00008909775,0.02283835,0.0005106879,0.0003978202,0.00004103713,6.651536e-7,0.001010464,0.002789723],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981897,0.0001275945,0.001339051,0.00001782954,0.0001078187,0.000002966598,0.000001450141,0.00001758923,0.0001959681],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1673064,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2660569,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01714243994911215,"score_gpt":0.2530364035950964,"score_spread":0.2358939636459843,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}