{"id":"W4319461790","doi":"10.1111/cdev.13910","title":"Cheating among elementary school children: A machine learning approach","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Child Development","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute; University of Toronto","funders":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Cheating; Psychology; Mathematics education; Primary education; Developmental psychology; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002463991,0.00016514,0.0001745866,0.0001620379,0.001936254,0.00008421404,0.0003658809,0.0003039615,0.0005127615],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000480804,0.0001610283,0.00005676984,0.0006317869,0.0001179965,0.0001973919,0.000161078,0.001605265,0.0005441178],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002098138,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002460786,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001479627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002588462,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979295,0.0002088047,0.0003246718,0.0003444712,0.000608773,0.0005838003],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994589,0.00007371776,0.000101249,0.0001030606,0.00004440325,0.0002186659],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001013375,0.0000583802,0.904855,0.0000307275,0.0001334678,0.00000755236,0.05278927,0.0002328491,0.0000135652,0.002190335,0.007336907,0.03234187],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006777455,0.00002220402,0.7992117,0.0002583456,0.00002330883,0.000008297937,0.01394186,0.001568241,0.0004456194,0.0004233973,0.1826379,0.0007813756],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8150567,0.000252497,0.0007841508,0.001723052,0.0002834492,0.000581724,0.000005296475,0.0007010802,0.180612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.986504,0.0002191006,0.005468521,0.0007054669,0.0005561228,0.00005679175,0.0003767176,0.00002493317,0.006088389],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.175301,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01592660458075825,"score_gpt":0.2615858023946594,"score_spread":0.2456591978139011,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}