{"id":"W4319988682","doi":"10.1109/ojcoms.2023.3238569","title":"Spectrum Sharing Schemes From 4G to 5G and Beyond: Protocol Flow, Regulation, Ecosystem, Economic","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","topic":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Spectrum management; Computer science; Vendor; Telecommunications; Standardization; Scarcity; Cellular network; Radio spectrum; Software deployment; Implementation; Protocol (science); Wireless; Computer network; Cognitive radio; Business","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001610214,0.0005419075,0.000312558,0.002151327,0.0008129036,0.003636562,0.0009422016,0.001269611,0.003328737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003052058,0.0002327849,0.0003482735,0.002716274,0.002744774,0.004889712,0.001791013,0.00175716,0.0008999569],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001702052,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001933331,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001934937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001023728,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988287,0.0003119656,0.00008206914,0.0001699643,0.000503326,0.000103992],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999191,0.0003858178,0.00009899496,0.000113071,0.0001722482,0.00003893962],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003576102,0.00003048778,0.0004980602,0.0008154974,0.00001739316,0.0001916291,0.0005643686,0.003413017,0.00192043,0.6858234,0.0124584,0.2942315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007927604,0.00008501756,0.00164631,0.001547805,0.00002413034,0.0005765871,0.0005000054,0.004700919,0.001395858,0.2848439,0.7046216,0.0000498052],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.02894862,0.3921319,0.1957508,0.02915603,0.005686841,0.0003512509,0.0004335943,0.0006104649,0.3469304],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4086886,0.4464486,0.0956826,0.009349316,0.005059711,0.000570801,0.0005851195,0.0001780471,0.03343723],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003636562,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01234931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04128294228120746,"score_gpt":0.315014598464088,"score_spread":0.2737316561828805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}