{"id":"W4320881351","doi":"10.1186/s12916-023-02737-6","title":"Coding long COVID: characterizing a new disease through an ICD-10 lens","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BMC Medicine","topic":"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","field":"Medicine","cited_by":175,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine; Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic; University of Colorado Denver; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of California, Irvine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute; University of California, Davis; Weill Cornell Medical College; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National Institutes of Health; Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine; Ochsner Health; University of California, San Francisco; Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center; Tufts Medical Center; Institute of Translational Health Sciences; Children's National Hospital; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Translational Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; NorthShore University HealthSystem; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; University at Buffalo; University of Rochester; Aurora Health Care; Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics; University of California, San Diego; Johns Hopkins University; Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Pennsylvania State University; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research; University of California, Los Angeles; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; University of Washington; Frontiers Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Kansas; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Loyola University Chicago; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Washington University in St. Louis; University of Michigan; Harvard Catalyst; University of Minnesota; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research; University of Utah; University of Pennsylvania; George Washington University; Vanderbilt University; Accelerated Innovation Research Initiative Turning Top Science and Ideas into High-Impact Values; University of Chicago; Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance; Virginia Commonwealth University; Tulane University; Brown University; Rush University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Yale University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ohio State University; Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute; Children's Hospital Colorado; York University; University of Miami; Center for Clinical and Translational Research; Emory University; Carilion Clinic","keywords":"Medicine; Medical diagnosis; Population; Pandemic; Context (archaeology); Disease; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Diagnosis code; Coding (social sciences); Intensive care medicine; Infectious disease (medical specialty); Pathology; Environmental health; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009333527,0.000563796,0.0004992157,0.006752629,0.0009749983,0.002142081,0.001523209,0.0006358642,0.006343464],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05210248,0.0002909698,0.0007774319,0.007715818,0.001102447,0.001715086,0.003692397,0.00206309,0.0009479748],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002537423,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005487192,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03930937,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.05361529,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9874926,0.004381415,0.003123415,0.001844674,0.002401211,0.0007567291],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9656543,0.01285749,0.01202982,0.003154481,0.005247183,0.001056712],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002328991,0.00008363629,0.8325845,0.0011444,0.0002596052,0.0003047963,0.004238511,0.001584086,0.0005288497,0.01719146,0.08938494,0.05246213],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008028167,0.0001324716,0.8167039,0.003278134,0.0002012943,0.001917611,0.0109234,0.01121814,0.0008352787,0.03369015,0.1208494,0.0001699513],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4657708,0.005888441,0.1679429,0.02164875,0.002216413,0.003069698,0.2867196,0.0009092062,0.04583423],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7419186,0.003208773,0.1322659,0.007215286,0.001016715,0.00315388,0.1085452,0.0002604546,0.002415182],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03930937,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07816118,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07303051741179507,"score_gpt":0.3689616989915412,"score_spread":0.2959311815797462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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