{"id":"W4320881351","doi":"10.1186/s12916-023-02737-6","title":"Coding long COVID: characterizing a new disease through an ICD-10 lens","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BMC Medicine","topic":"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","field":"Medicine","cited_by":175,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine; Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic; University of Colorado Denver; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of California, Irvine; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute; University of California, Davis; Weill Cornell Medical College; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National Institutes of Health; Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine; Ochsner Health; University of California, San Francisco; Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center; Tufts Medical Center; Institute of Translational Health Sciences; Children's National Hospital; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Translational Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; NorthShore University HealthSystem; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; University at Buffalo; University of Rochester; Aurora Health Care; Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics; University of California, San Diego; Johns Hopkins University; Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Pennsylvania State University; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research; University of California, Los Angeles; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; University of Washington; Frontiers Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Kansas; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Loyola University Chicago; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Washington University in St. Louis; University of Michigan; Harvard Catalyst; University of Minnesota; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research; University of Utah; University of Pennsylvania; George Washington University; Vanderbilt University; Accelerated Innovation Research Initiative Turning Top Science and Ideas into High-Impact Values; University of Chicago; Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance; Virginia Commonwealth University; Tulane University; Brown University; Rush University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Yale University; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ohio State University; Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute; Children's Hospital Colorado; York University; University of Miami; Center for Clinical and Translational Research; Emory University; Carilion Clinic","keywords":"Medicine; Medical diagnosis; Population; Pandemic; Context (archaeology); Disease; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Diagnosis code; Coding (social sciences); Intensive care medicine; Infectious disease (medical specialty); Pathology; Environmental health; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008576948,0.0004030346,0.0007730137,0.0003358266,0.0001967695,0.00003339777,0.0002947799,0.0001321746,0.001710819],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005445771,0.0003178196,0.0001468366,0.0007758439,0.0002290558,0.0006141848,0.0001393211,0.0003302453,0.0007981326],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000206435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009538616,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003089897,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007267353,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969206,0.0001541215,0.0005558942,0.0007519205,0.0008822985,0.0007350937],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960016,0.001113922,0.0001917952,0.001083915,0.00009608333,0.001512674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004934492,0.0004737198,0.6650341,0.009096458,0.0003570142,0.009992296,0.009458481,0.00006419759,0.07237071,0.004177766,0.2175384,0.006502413],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01422638,0.001746466,0.8519597,0.0045209,0.001012826,0.0002126375,0.0005433942,0.002113834,0.0008729215,0.0008146639,0.1211674,0.0008088987],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9077892,0.001066285,0.007056408,0.07540141,0.001471142,0.002118222,0.00002728542,0.001932591,0.003137436],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9556978,0.0005255511,0.001002459,0.02546697,0.006005384,0.00008066673,0.0009655717,0.0001638512,0.01009171],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1869256,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999799,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07303051741179507,"score_gpt":0.3689616989915412,"score_spread":0.2959311815797462,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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