{"id":"W4321162980","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.2c07689","title":"Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":131,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","keywords":"Leaching (pedology); Manganese; Cobalt; Selectivity; Extraction (chemistry); Chemistry; Inorganic chemistry; Choline chloride; Cathode; Materials science; Metallurgy; Chromatography; Catalysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001186548,0.00008231108,0.000103829,0.0003475251,0.0001105349,0.00001584878,0.0001552167,0.00008426672,0.0004101923],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006564072,0.00008317097,0.00002057129,0.0008294269,0.0007907388,0.000424817,0.0000494086,0.0001333136,0.0003462092],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001042034,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001073388,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005905567,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004262904,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992165,0.000007402974,0.0001658992,0.0002036692,0.0002150632,0.0001914483],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999748,0.00004764792,0.00002754188,0.0001320415,0.000007276256,0.00003752785],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000023634,0.00002865953,0.0008149974,0.000005044956,0.000004196173,0.000002076699,0.0001579929,0.0008068966,0.9959435,0.0005273779,0.0001789798,0.001527944],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005850563,0.00004285546,0.01874837,0.000005082959,0.000006125254,0.000008247181,0.001005244,0.002351101,0.9699312,0.002549832,0.005201611,0.00009184826],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9928597,0.0001137399,0.003134663,0.0005269583,0.0003558313,0.00007725483,0.00001581282,0.0004315855,0.002484499],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991982,0.0001152182,0.0004333613,0.00001699323,0.00001822627,0.00001965295,0.00000721057,0.00000787415,0.0001832357],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0260123,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4491318,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01140051846513578,"score_gpt":0.2688966510619635,"score_spread":0.2574961325968277,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}