{"id":"W4321374905","doi":"10.3390/app13042604","title":"A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Blockchain; Computer security; Computer science; Cryptography; Hash function; Protocol (science); Byzantine fault tolerance; Public-key cryptography; Encryption; Distributed computing; Fault tolerance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002250368,0.0009593939,0.0009973015,0.002540909,0.001282727,0.00258023,0.001313058,0.002436391,0.004539362],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005249429,0.0006622166,0.000739984,0.006237537,0.001450825,0.006325627,0.001879287,0.002246285,0.001689922],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001328559,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00190344,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008707598,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004294374,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961452,0.0009798435,0.0003073876,0.0003744705,0.001921579,0.0002713697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958239,0.002690342,0.0002602196,0.0004486513,0.0006772821,0.00009972321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001560204,0.0001549247,0.001627848,0.005583533,0.0001297193,0.0006667891,0.0008560652,0.0215768,0.002685839,0.393769,0.03613179,0.5366616],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000361292,0.0002844903,0.0008869459,0.002618633,0.0001018887,0.002369935,0.0005249841,0.04199278,0.004394665,0.2603615,0.6863341,0.00009385341],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01641134,0.5136095,0.3501166,0.008837914,0.002795815,0.0004425278,0.0004441179,0.0006940262,0.1066482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2171926,0.6825351,0.06480651,0.002973773,0.003899583,0.0006690549,0.0009626446,0.0002446532,0.02671614],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004539362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01518571,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04513829260041784,"score_gpt":0.3156412744717764,"score_spread":0.2705029818713585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}