{"id":"W4321374905","doi":"10.3390/app13042604","title":"A Survey on Consensus Protocols and Attacks on Blockchain Technology","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":98,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Blockchain; Computer security; Computer science; Cryptography; Hash function; Protocol (science); Byzantine fault tolerance; Public-key cryptography; Encryption; Distributed computing; Fault tolerance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001456758,0.0001523632,0.0001808004,0.0005662749,0.0005943451,0.00009424949,0.0012183,0.0001751909,0.000002747233],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001028142,0.0001256342,0.00001749035,0.003376134,0.001004221,0.00001289079,0.000365795,0.0002442658,0.0001955244],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001407618,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006651087,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001503728,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003896436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983146,0.00004395014,0.0001893658,0.0007658207,0.0002817643,0.0004045296],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987413,0.0004265113,0.00008689696,0.0006497724,0.00003394475,0.00006156891],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005704942,0.00005830784,0.001608984,0.000003666027,0.00000436662,0.000004996776,0.00008239698,0.00008622355,0.0007499519,0.96005,0.002340911,0.03500444],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002007706,0.002335014,0.08727488,0.0001124749,0.000007264664,0.00004840854,0.0005628143,0.1188753,0.05203522,0.7085006,0.02664275,0.001597558],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9580564,0.00002555735,0.002505228,0.01771158,0.00009636946,0.007671654,0.00001717273,0.00243794,0.01147811],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9930764,0.000002703629,0.002721535,0.0004678706,0.00001131114,0.003639735,0.000001051215,0.000005370235,0.00007402721],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2515495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5123215,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04513829260041784,"score_gpt":0.3156412744717764,"score_spread":0.2705029818713585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}