{"id":"W4323321720","doi":"10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00873","title":"Patent Challenges And Litigation On Inhalers For Asthma And COPD","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Health Affairs","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":9,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Generic drug; Certification; Formulary; Paragraph; Brand names; Medicine; Food and drug administration; Business; Competition (biology); Tying; Asthma; Marketing; Drug; Pharmacology; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005181446,0.00008836632,0.0002220602,0.0001503445,0.00009488749,0.00002535253,0.00003958298,0.0000528181,0.00001626604],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004941667,0.0001037676,0.00002919475,0.00005784141,0.00003770668,0.00006419911,0.00002566922,0.00006914652,0.0001407613],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005530971,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000191875,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003042249,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002781628,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999116,0.000009232221,0.0002908163,0.0002769946,0.00001263873,0.000294297],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994617,0.0001022729,0.0001189299,0.00009839729,0.000007284807,0.0002114791],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003181637,0.00002663233,0.0005415319,0.0003535517,0.00001681119,6.394361e-7,0.001437827,0.00002332709,0.000001433974,0.9358,0.00748978,0.05427671],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001981563,0.0006107974,0.05466646,0.00005796208,0.000002056025,0.000004288155,0.0009989354,0.02097139,0.0000231204,0.1569973,0.763333,0.0003531543],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6194355,0.03458003,0.0001234448,0.2987013,0.001065697,0.001638825,0.0009254065,0.0002215149,0.04330825],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9664142,0.03066185,0.0001001598,0.00245453,0.0001093251,0.00006783506,0.00002414593,0.00001781378,0.0001501791],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7788026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4231521,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2140562939056647,"score_gpt":0.3259402132449904,"score_spread":0.1118839193393257,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}