{"id":"W4323644080","doi":"10.1109/comst.2023.3251899","title":"Security of Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) Systems of the Smart Grid: A Survey on Challenges and Opportunities","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":107,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec; Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Smart grid; Computer security; Scope (computer science); Reliability (semiconductor); Risk analysis (engineering); Attack surface; Security controls; Critical infrastructure; Domain (mathematical analysis); Grid; Control (management); Power (physics); Engineering; Business","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004549369,0.0001574394,0.0003752365,0.0001280852,0.000195214,0.00002823942,0.0004820333,0.0001239434,9.70824e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006303121,0.0001288217,0.00004498255,0.0002361604,0.0003988026,0.0001063302,0.000109409,0.0002183131,0.00000146573],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002648305,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004380097,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001571641,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00134086,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968571,0.002146127,0.0004490603,0.0001440408,0.0002341996,0.000169488],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9960759,0.002376041,0.0001569412,0.001122669,0.0002075582,0.00006094604],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004778064,0.001949338,0.7277993,0.00949696,0.003695542,0.000008678244,0.08496854,0.04974558,0.05438154,0.02593112,0.01614697,0.02539862],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006057788,0.0001097779,0.985302,0.0004703066,0.00004167046,0.000003529602,0.000970985,0.002682464,0.003283599,0.0003954608,0.005859533,0.0002748369],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9820359,0.0105006,0.0001169934,0.0003231995,0.005112063,0.0008716842,0.0004836735,0.0001833625,0.0003725059],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9708538,0.02885161,0.0000039823,0.000002034711,0.0001232607,0.0001083183,0.00001134503,0.0000188151,0.0000268151],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2575028,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5253198,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1376015627403171,"score_gpt":0.2771485836747793,"score_spread":0.1395470209344622,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}