{"id":"W4327558481","doi":"10.1029/2022sw003356","title":"Multi‐Model Ensembles for Upper Atmosphere Models","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Space Weather","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Space Agency; Natural Environment Research Council; Leverhulme Trust","keywords":"Weighting; Independence (probability theory); Statistics; Set (abstract data type); Least-squares function approximation; Payload (computing); Algorithm; Mathematics; Computer science; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008988712,0.0002120098,0.0001975225,0.000007458064,0.0001367222,0.00004620803,0.0001655651,0.00007199562,0.0005406517],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000287791,0.0001932168,0.0002071288,0.0001555906,0.0000300398,0.0001577546,0.00006050643,0.00009319292,0.0003533307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001727804,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006900536,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001884645,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006116593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989781,0.00001236737,0.0001477338,0.0003103177,0.0001086414,0.0004428822],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994487,0.00004520692,0.00005499353,0.0003023017,0.00006747144,0.00008131898],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007147803,0.0002548182,0.008448461,0.00005181607,0.0002339674,0.00000236276,0.001943149,0.4264008,0.003515255,0.442628,0.09053839,0.02591148],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007179673,0.00002888823,0.0001149077,0.0000136767,0.0000276263,1.644539e-7,0.0008486045,0.9242718,0.0002337722,0.05672609,0.01674034,0.0002762025],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2732803,0.0001441811,0.6569703,0.001224913,0.0004202561,0.0009976573,0.0002329212,0.000469866,0.06625964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7481877,0.00001180431,0.06259316,0.0001183143,0.0003158345,0.0002142982,0.0001105709,0.0001183695,0.1883299],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5943771,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7879152,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01783334125907466,"score_gpt":0.2509741185403451,"score_spread":0.2331407772812704,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}