{"id":"W4327943774","doi":"10.3390/fuels4010008","title":"Effect of Torrefaction on the Physiochemical Properties of White Spruce Sawdust for Biofuel Production","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Global Institute for Water Security; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Torrefaction; Sawdust; Pellets; Hemicellulose; Pellet; Materials science; Briquette; Pulp and paper industry; Lignin; Ultimate tensile strength; Cellulose; Biomass (ecology); Biofuel; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Waste management; Composite material; Coal; Organic chemistry; Agronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001479185,0.00009057194,0.000128194,0.00004467538,0.00003102261,0.000003370313,0.0001004187,0.00005771656,0.00001704194],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002350366,0.00005690675,0.00005771051,0.0002469393,0.00005485605,0.00005022107,0.00002439023,0.00005936142,0.00002011239],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000022134,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005908865,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":9.611996e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.798765e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995049,0.00001598789,0.0001303657,0.0001132715,0.000117596,0.0001179027],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996476,0.0000878732,0.00003772786,0.0001604965,0.00004862517,0.00001772304],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001019806,0.000009301637,0.00004986303,0.001254502,0.00002119413,5.03982e-8,0.0001391136,0.00007037793,0.9949797,0.00001341751,0.001239446,0.002121051],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001194676,0.00009593584,0.00007413185,0.0001131091,0.00001442446,3.909889e-7,0.00004503377,0.0001152963,0.9990856,0.00007154257,0.0002040764,0.00006100438],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988308,0.00006670713,0.00001171893,0.0001964619,0.0003040043,0.0003236694,0.000009434812,0.0001628716,0.00009431325],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999668,0.00001400286,0.00001209583,0.000004904561,0.00007976929,0.00006302157,0.000006567405,0.00001765446,0.0001340001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004105884,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.232059,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01571059907147906,"score_gpt":0.2203664883255413,"score_spread":0.2046558892540623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}