{"id":"W4327943774","doi":"10.3390/fuels4010008","title":"Effect of Torrefaction on the Physiochemical Properties of White Spruce Sawdust for Biofuel Production","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuels","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Global Institute for Water Security; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Torrefaction; Sawdust; Pellets; Hemicellulose; Pellet; Materials science; Briquette; Pulp and paper industry; Lignin; Ultimate tensile strength; Cellulose; Biomass (ecology); Biofuel; Pyrolysis; Chemistry; Waste management; Composite material; Coal; Organic chemistry; Agronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002330759,0.0004846594,0.0003449711,0.0002598785,0.0001695441,0.0003597706,0.0001814731,0.0002451405,0.0007795347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002792514,0.0001800632,0.0003772042,0.0003143088,0.0001266685,0.0003033665,0.0001393674,0.0004343507,0.0002070507],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001511704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001850303,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001425258,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003339634,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998075,0.00002211958,0.00001854484,0.00003966868,0.00006300909,0.0000490183],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998302,0.00004063627,0.00004568101,0.00001101668,0.00004441918,0.00002796805],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001634726,0.00002472943,0.0002964018,0.00006078618,0.00001291983,0.0000575837,0.00002053956,0.000181012,0.9973323,0.00001027967,0.00002128653,0.001818612],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005410757,0.0003251475,0.007011135,0.000006643651,0.00001962406,0.00005524185,0.00004271227,0.0005937917,0.991334,0.000007494696,0.0005906161,0.000008180446],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9979526,0.000937472,0.0005081249,0.00001761249,0.00001166397,0.000007496815,0.0001306128,0.00001768523,0.0004167089],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976418,0.0007354377,0.0007294093,0.00002657262,0.000004181312,0.000008256942,0.0002009729,0.00002286295,0.0006305039],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001425258,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002833962,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01571059907147906,"score_gpt":0.2203664883255413,"score_spread":0.2046558892540623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}