{"id":"W4360884890","doi":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2023.112728","title":"Investigation of soot suppression by ammonia addition to laminar ethylene flames at varying pressure","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Combustion and Flame","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Soot; Chemistry; Ammonia; Combustion; Volume (thermodynamics); Hydrocarbon; Volume fraction; Laminar flow; Fraction (chemistry); Atmospheric pressure; Mole fraction; Carbon fibers; NOx; Ethylene; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Meteorology; Physical chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001102389,0.0001619094,0.0001976507,0.0001897052,0.00009339014,0.00001119532,0.0001298172,0.0001687803,0.00005600201],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002645616,0.0001650994,0.00003415224,0.000459168,0.00007433628,0.0001626884,0.0001883213,0.0001840725,0.00005008636],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004808749,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000006455806,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005236195,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.390944e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990367,0.00002419147,0.000253279,0.0002719311,0.0001982544,0.0002156809],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993875,0.00012596,0.00008706871,0.00023929,0.00006956085,0.00009059825],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000341818,0.000008199283,0.0003556471,0.0001370047,0.00002028952,0.000001844677,0.0002776851,0.04749309,0.9318856,0.0008784669,0.01440439,0.004503587],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005123389,0.00007491899,0.001805036,0.0002251659,0.00003238242,0.000004170934,0.0001348506,0.0806287,0.9078854,0.001140843,0.007293538,0.0002626362],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9704543,0.0003412341,0.02585602,0.001215938,0.0001872632,0.0002680507,0.00009027983,0.001435198,0.0001517422],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957516,0.0001358023,0.002222891,0.00004663087,0.00003189674,0.00004993222,0.0002747733,0.00002907231,0.001457359],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03313561,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6732556,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01675627692101317,"score_gpt":0.2375836791683904,"score_spread":0.2208274022473773,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}