{"id":"W4361011569","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.022","title":"Observed negative vaccine effectiveness could be the canary in the coal mine for biases in observational COVID-19 studies","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","topic":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario; Toronto Public Health; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Public Health Agency; Public Health Agency of Canada","keywords":"Observational study; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Perspective (graphical); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Medicine; Disease; Psychology; Pathology; Computer science; Infectious disease (medical specialty)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.2972134,0.001141683,0.001534905,0.002465192,0.001277087,0.004292422,0.002366486,0.003025195,0.002934971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.5540964,0.0007705798,0.00219308,0.003118475,0.004150169,0.003935106,0.003734735,0.004196806,0.0005443767],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001880803,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002221174,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00283921,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002934981,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7175611,0.2103096,0.03116494,0.01834902,0.02031861,0.002296765],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3362444,0.5201395,0.07625315,0.05022335,0.01604283,0.001096754],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002691414,0.0002275067,0.5833036,0.01223881,0.01026927,0.001864269,0.0134085,0.005735843,0.004817976,0.1328953,0.01637489,0.2161726],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005079948,0.00206795,0.4163522,0.01748565,0.007462395,0.009397452,0.006038004,0.02344196,0.02632742,0.3782421,0.1119883,0.0006885851],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2330843,0.0514246,0.6131968,0.05046218,0.006769947,0.003389427,0.006460357,0.0007701556,0.03444217],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8847972,0.003843429,0.08762566,0.01627982,0.002259998,0.001668502,0.0008919955,0.0002219277,0.002411415],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7027866,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.866661,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2210862686579237,"score_gpt":0.4620551873609267,"score_spread":0.2409689187030029,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}