{"id":"W4362520703","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2220228120","title":"Spontaneous dark formation of OH radicals at the interface of aqueous atmospheric droplets","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":138,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China; University of Toronto; European Research Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Radical; Aqueous solution; Chemistry; Atmospheric chemistry; Hydroxyl radical; Photochemistry; Chemical engineering; Inorganic chemistry; Organic chemistry; Ozone","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001326856,0.0002156504,0.0001172749,0.0001116143,0.0001348091,0.0002423326,0.0002192168,0.0002229029,0.001279627],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002516403,0.0001013389,0.00009575955,0.00006175817,0.0002381427,0.0003753624,0.0003437259,0.0003214795,0.0001827079],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000101432,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006126947,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001745715,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001373928,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998879,0.000007895469,0.000005223158,0.000043412,0.00003498844,0.00002049535],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998549,0.00003858461,0.00004344378,0.00001474901,0.0000276112,0.00002071274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003617012,0.000008310269,0.0004772074,0.00002726927,0.000002633522,0.00004904993,0.00002482541,0.00001595232,0.9987691,0.00006749699,0.00002543852,0.000496562],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001041897,0.0001185031,0.003499178,0.000003521673,0.00000516209,0.00008168547,0.00006152433,0.0005259715,0.9948554,0.0001347267,0.0006996314,0.000004137351],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946085,0.0005249348,0.003321295,0.00003153324,0.00003136702,0.0000280294,0.0002000322,0.00003652356,0.001217703],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981166,0.000166703,0.0009394946,0.00003136259,0.000009483212,0.00001497098,0.000109322,0.000007666758,0.000604383],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001279627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004280746,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02221855724250903,"score_gpt":0.2710156261642486,"score_spread":0.2487970689217395,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}