{"id":"W4362590573","doi":"10.29173/istl2724","title":"Exploring Factors Contributing to Plagiarism as Students Enter STEM Higher Education Classrooms","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship","topic":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"","keywords":"Grading (engineering); Point (geometry); Mathematics education; Class (philosophy); Population; Psychology; Plagiarism detection; Pedagogy; Sociology; Computer science; Mathematics; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"qualitative","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["research_integrity"],"domain":null,"study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00711186,0.0004509705,0.0007280445,0.004146365,0.003655902,0.005127079,0.001533194,0.001276604,0.004398561],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0569516,0.0005666292,0.0005781926,0.002376919,0.001697983,0.003397862,0.003212557,0.00269496,0.0009629109],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002107004,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002908658,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006736469,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01255007,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9918725,0.00211344,0.001013846,0.0006120237,0.00350439,0.0008837815],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9308141,0.02147395,0.03005449,0.002008104,0.009720214,0.005929012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008686642,0.0005341765,0.884839,0.0002382101,0.00005734116,0.0004559388,0.08649713,0.00008613594,0.001004191,0.0002638682,0.0009366822,0.02500059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006430989,0.0003186286,0.8689574,0.0001992115,0.00004122017,0.0005677862,0.1250051,0.0003682003,0.0004885734,0.0004014714,0.003595946,0.00005003058],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.997946,0.0002640708,0.0001507192,0.0003562638,0.000008852855,0.00003604939,0.00004203851,0.00001390988,0.001182274],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984394,0.0003055215,0.0003029994,0.00009646604,0.00001409241,0.00002589753,0.0000687444,0.000007156769,0.0007398343],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9987234,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03761154,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.113833642323309,"score_gpt":0.3768442148399174,"score_spread":0.2630105725166084,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}