{"id":"W4366825750","doi":"10.1177/26349825231163140","title":"Problems with quantitative categorization: An argument for qualitative approaches","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environment and Planning F","topic":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Categorization; Positivism; Epistemology; Argument (complex analysis); Data science; Qualitative research; Qualitative property; Computer science; Sociology; Management science; Artificial intelligence; Social science; Machine learning; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.1663762,0.001567854,0.002106429,0.009149079,0.00891627,0.01325412,0.006701197,0.008092275,0.007064381],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2514625,0.001363836,0.002538906,0.005861438,0.07144004,0.03364209,0.009993166,0.01324629,0.001443214],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01142059,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007060401,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005104977,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002702258,"domain_scores_codex":[0.8671009,0.09897006,0.004043661,0.008086528,0.02033394,0.001464908],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6929537,0.2525195,0.009062875,0.02020638,0.02302418,0.002233374],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001613563,0.0000107812,0.0001704917,0.0001311767,0.00001602204,0.00002400527,0.003020562,0.0001419927,0.00004127705,0.9902531,0.002211248,0.003963318],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002848978,0.000007499863,0.00006944543,0.0002015341,0.000007041876,0.00003211809,0.001160712,0.0007887787,0.00007654903,0.9832261,0.01438813,0.00001359741],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.007524616,0.006519488,0.6278515,0.2583582,0.002666785,0.0008294269,0.0004976357,0.0002455006,0.09550686],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5203846,0.004288812,0.397631,0.05485108,0.003971395,0.006576485,0.0004234345,0.0003855661,0.01148764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1663762,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.879892,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1901456056170777,"score_gpt":0.3510546790703302,"score_spread":0.1609090734532525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}