{"id":"W4367624030","doi":"10.3390/en16093829","title":"Bubbling Phenomena in Liquid-Filled Transformers: Background and Assessment","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec; Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Hydro-Québec","keywords":"Insulation system; Moisture; Transformer; Materials science; Electric power system; Bubble; Environmental science; Forensic engineering; Nuclear engineering; Composite material; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Mechanics; Power (physics); Thermodynamics; Voltage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009002982,0.001071006,0.0008506155,0.002308707,0.0003892484,0.001760379,0.001054612,0.001334121,0.001321204],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001597807,0.0004151525,0.0007703647,0.001868429,0.000775653,0.002063863,0.0009598872,0.0008817015,0.0004955012],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000941751,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005554836,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002869627,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001117928,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993007,0.0001143366,0.00005691801,0.0001098612,0.000368812,0.00004934579],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989163,0.0004060252,0.0002135222,0.00004012908,0.0003602085,0.00006386743],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001281811,0.001424849,0.04321779,0.01329029,0.0001540234,0.003835155,0.002012818,0.182957,0.2827746,0.02504039,0.004729755,0.4392816],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005089641,0.004713665,0.03386761,0.001430357,0.0003472497,0.004131046,0.001816395,0.6886844,0.2056449,0.009986293,0.04889607,0.000431138],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4873258,0.1692309,0.3102885,0.0007985105,0.0004548968,0.0009137261,0.0009496977,0.00135582,0.02868218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8923802,0.08154117,0.02101861,0.0001063731,0.0003178138,0.0002200894,0.0005537161,0.00007430553,0.00378771],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002869627,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006832957,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02480393500208018,"score_gpt":0.267616841060228,"score_spread":0.2428129060581478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}