{"id":"W4367624030","doi":"10.3390/en16093829","title":"Bubbling Phenomena in Liquid-Filled Transformers: Background and Assessment","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Hydro-Québec; Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Hydro-Québec","keywords":"Insulation system; Moisture; Transformer; Materials science; Electric power system; Bubble; Environmental science; Forensic engineering; Nuclear engineering; Composite material; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Mechanics; Power (physics); Thermodynamics; Voltage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001147358,0.00009905302,0.0001184839,0.0001740916,0.00003340395,0.00003537766,0.00003980052,0.00004092669,0.00002508733],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000003559765,0.0001003589,0.00002074642,0.0002689278,0.00001644357,0.0001970013,0.000005279852,0.00008330233,0.000009803031],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003832003,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001338513,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003036791,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007457631,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994278,0.000007010919,0.000163786,0.0001040914,0.00009237028,0.000204955],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998202,0.0000726467,0.000006808277,0.00005616719,0.000008140655,0.00003598723],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004185025,0.00006224681,0.002240751,0.0007394415,0.0001216459,0.00003223139,0.005279971,0.8745672,0.03092061,0.01716782,0.0004779343,0.06834827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004952557,0.0004765955,0.1499886,0.001144895,0.00006774439,0.000006894842,0.007066927,0.7609898,0.02237467,0.00240644,0.04884736,0.001677532],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9767948,0.0005947275,0.001245496,0.00008632883,0.0002329846,0.0001000267,0.000006363422,0.0002384542,0.02070085],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960623,0.003396916,0.0003479052,0.00001520784,0.00005775852,0.0000343751,0.00003000983,0.00002121847,0.00003425809],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1477478,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4092518,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02480393500208018,"score_gpt":0.267616841060228,"score_spread":0.2428129060581478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}