{"id":"W4367845835","doi":"10.1007/s12155-023-10606-6","title":"Combined Effects of Torrefaction and Binders on the Quality of Pellets Produced from Oat Straw","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BioEnergy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Pellets; Pellet; Pelletizing; Materials science; Ultimate tensile strength; Straw; Sawdust; Pulp and paper industry; Bulk density; Composite material; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Environmental science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003732341,0.0006540396,0.0006228105,0.0003552213,0.0003304982,0.0008381567,0.0002645121,0.0004184421,0.001650206],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006217474,0.0002451254,0.0005903522,0.0004996846,0.0002781943,0.0005262917,0.0003144251,0.0006160933,0.0002844745],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003205552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003584544,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003608836,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005888503,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995203,0.00005926853,0.00005121473,0.00006873973,0.0001467924,0.0001536236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995885,0.0001040236,0.0001028601,0.00002746449,0.000105388,0.00007176998],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00220339,0.00007049417,0.0008154835,0.0001115777,0.00005696582,0.00009125764,0.00004993606,0.0002202526,0.9934232,0.00001803815,0.00002634843,0.00291311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001300693,0.0005678365,0.005935878,0.00000876649,0.00005706807,0.00003275197,0.00006170318,0.0002766948,0.9927757,0.000007102293,0.0002555848,0.000007920771],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985967,0.0007587111,0.0001588799,0.00001497258,0.00001724508,0.000004738721,0.00008919925,0.0000097874,0.0003497172],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980853,0.0004269249,0.0002359294,0.00001817029,0.000005810893,0.000003516185,0.0001503873,0.00001721804,0.001056836],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003608836,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007175624,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07694790267296123,"score_gpt":0.3312556107196536,"score_spread":0.2543077080466923,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}