{"id":"W4367845835","doi":"10.1007/s12155-023-10606-6","title":"Combined Effects of Torrefaction and Binders on the Quality of Pellets Produced from Oat Straw","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"BioEnergy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Pellets; Pellet; Pelletizing; Materials science; Ultimate tensile strength; Straw; Sawdust; Pulp and paper industry; Bulk density; Composite material; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Environmental science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004659395,0.00007635659,0.0001361563,0.0001183445,0.00004027167,0.000009874762,0.000166285,0.0000737343,0.0000363686],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004235925,0.0000549359,0.00002780565,0.0005064166,0.0001452095,0.00003149621,0.0000686492,0.0001387151,0.00001696683],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002604603,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001918545,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002522959,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007400734,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998957,0.0001377253,0.0001542177,0.0001604824,0.0004095441,0.0001810638],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983397,0.001258464,0.0000263641,0.0002496847,0.00007894707,0.00004691474],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007480805,0.00002241573,0.000359655,0.0002623204,0.00003852416,8.613617e-7,0.0001217584,0.00001740562,0.9959252,0.0005048605,0.001190607,0.001481586],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002671511,0.00008124585,0.00699889,0.0000494096,0.000002414014,4.071176e-8,0.0001936486,0.0001590086,0.9917616,0.0003727624,0.00006008467,0.00005375762],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9990048,0.00008474903,0.000002425091,0.0003609035,0.0001026616,0.0001350388,0.000009416382,0.0000762019,0.0002238206],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9997237,0.0001147216,0.000004884173,0.000004611986,0.00002032985,0.00001446937,0.00001228592,0.00001334484,0.00009159161],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006639235,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2240221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07694790267296123,"score_gpt":0.3312556107196536,"score_spread":0.2543077080466923,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}