{"id":"W4375851154","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120709","title":"Performance enhancement of a photovoltaic thermal system through two-phase nanofluid simulation in a channel equipped with novel artificial roughness","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Thermal Engineering","topic":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Nanofluid; Photovoltaic system; Nusselt number; Materials science; Coolant; Water cooling; Mechanical engineering; Reynolds number; Mechanics; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Nanotechnology; Physics; Nanoparticle","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003871337,0.0003897514,0.0005213479,0.0002041521,0.00008412828,0.00002665362,0.0002613761,0.0001343205,0.00003692444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009653632,0.0003418082,0.00007903993,0.0009633372,0.00003684622,0.00020107,0.00007683429,0.0001967362,0.00006720702],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001387655,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003987673,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008723007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002628436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978176,0.00002567719,0.0006660016,0.0004115243,0.0004351989,0.0006440021],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991348,0.0001211221,0.0002276208,0.0003881278,0.00005692059,0.00007139598],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003532866,0.00007500182,0.00003204301,0.0002265515,0.00004896625,0.000007593111,0.001296114,0.4826013,0.5136792,0.0009771265,2.598393e-7,0.0007025039],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002014869,0.0001057405,0.0003885006,0.0002527957,0.00001932223,0.000003975316,0.0003213843,0.5797064,0.4167875,0.000004015468,0.0001042511,0.0002912638],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9865698,0.00004118073,0.009463053,0.000003242163,0.0003050118,0.0007272055,0.00001409245,0.0003761104,0.002500258],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998877,0.000002872805,0.0001738632,0.00001428345,0.0002469314,0.0004803869,0.00004813805,0.0001070186,0.00004943675],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09710502,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999034,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02409401828034071,"score_gpt":0.2465323099972162,"score_spread":0.2224382917168755,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}