{"id":"W4376566121","doi":"10.2118/212959-ms","title":"A Comparative Enhanced Oil Recovery Study Between Low-Salinity Water and Hybrid Surfactant Process for a Carbonate Reservoir","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Western Regional Meeting","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Petroleum engineering; Enhanced oil recovery; Pulmonary surfactant; Imbibition; Oil in place; Wetting; Surface tension; Salinity; Carbonate; Contact angle; Water flooding; Water injection (oil production); Environmental science; Materials science; Geology; Chemical engineering; Petroleum; Engineering; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006488864,0.0003189195,0.0005330017,0.0001736688,0.0001316684,0.00007553672,0.0002301102,0.00008133033,0.000002489307],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006859539,0.0002786537,0.00008321668,0.000199269,0.00005670317,0.0002718604,0.000108919,0.0002540357,0.00001900585],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009373967,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002674702,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004205063,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001737402,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981275,0.00007864195,0.0004594632,0.0004660949,0.0003248716,0.0005433943],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989387,0.0005078966,0.00008214101,0.0002417051,0.0001388791,0.00009070287],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002858661,0.0009009356,0.150905,0.01200146,0.003968454,0.0004461585,0.06694204,0.2243827,0.5046517,0.0000420183,0.003054096,0.02984681],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001915078,0.0007449275,0.01128701,0.001496523,0.0001137667,0.00001336149,0.002096664,0.009901823,0.9646896,0.00557954,0.000814128,0.001347606],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9968681,0.00005864178,0.000373853,0.0001058192,0.0001493984,0.000501812,0.00005457197,0.0009574215,0.0009303861],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985134,0.00007652277,0.0003774608,0.0000247436,0.0001809566,0.0002968611,0.00009662798,0.0000816795,0.0003517385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4600379,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999666,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05262410621421198,"score_gpt":0.3152533015750469,"score_spread":0.2626291953608349,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}