{"id":"W4377143153","doi":"10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128715","title":"Characterization of soot emissions formed in a compression ignition engine cofired by ammonia and diesel","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Fuel","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Research Council","keywords":"Soot; Diesel fuel; Diesel exhaust; Materials science; Diesel engine; Greenhouse gas; Carbon fibers; Chemical engineering; Combustion; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Composite material; Automotive engineering; Composite number","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004043194,0.0000916288,0.0001421214,0.0001442004,0.00002063547,0.000003891193,0.00007118291,0.00008822195,0.00001078621],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001682516,0.00008898541,0.00001576217,0.0003828993,0.00002793918,0.0001138955,0.0000705197,0.0001194239,0.000005653735],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002583875,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004105099,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003963306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.751471e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994421,0.00000616239,0.0001856199,0.0001266489,0.00008994914,0.0001495088],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997133,0.00006148808,0.00005124991,0.0001182983,0.00002459541,0.00003104739],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001130353,0.00002149013,0.0002392814,0.00009357903,0.000003844385,0.000001363174,0.0001032781,0.001154641,0.9937659,0.0002466642,0.0001177311,0.004240918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001465586,0.00005125555,0.01651597,0.0004031156,0.00001142478,0.000002969117,0.0002462712,0.3350856,0.6407626,0.002679366,0.002466014,0.0003098669],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.96689,0.00006346234,0.03179139,0.0002326788,0.00004791911,0.0001366197,0.00005361971,0.0006412529,0.0001430728],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983513,0.0001849593,0.0009158322,0.000006136105,0.000009488171,0.00003907296,0.0002691541,0.00001650117,0.0002075613],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3530033,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.362872,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0134454024317146,"score_gpt":0.2408609053990232,"score_spread":0.2274155029673086,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}