{"id":"W4378086097","doi":"10.1111/lang.12586","title":"Rethinking First Language–Second Language Similarities and Differences in English Proficiency: Insights From the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) Project","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Learning","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Bruyère; University of Ottawa; McGill University; University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; Tomsk State University; Russian Science Foundation; Victoria University; City University of New York; Victoria University of Wellington; National Taiwan Normal University; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Azrieli Foundation; Israel Science Foundation","keywords":"Reading comprehension; Linguistics; Psychology; Reading (process); Language proficiency; Grammar; Spelling; Vocabulary; Active listening; Mathematics education; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01792523,0.0002445348,0.0005110791,0.002293517,0.000717475,0.002285534,0.0008439891,0.0004711,0.001711508],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03826986,0.0002442216,0.0006316271,0.002106423,0.001393105,0.003064707,0.003924864,0.001192232,0.0002436504],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006001027,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008794667,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008425055,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01539594,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9936819,0.004054554,0.0003692866,0.0008396893,0.0007881488,0.0002664414],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9531401,0.03582587,0.004249838,0.003239591,0.00271862,0.0008259653],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002762291,0.0003955814,0.7962435,0.0005323437,0.0008454101,0.0002986442,0.1305484,0.000238041,0.001431524,0.003173349,0.001857963,0.06415904],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002540875,0.0001949285,0.9192454,0.0003976189,0.000290038,0.0002465493,0.06833769,0.0005181375,0.001039306,0.002460415,0.007203038,0.000041417],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9956152,0.0007813514,0.0008990156,0.0004237848,0.00000830544,0.00002579978,0.0004274431,0.000009250406,0.00180986],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976332,0.000255462,0.00101078,0.0001392083,0.000006427442,0.0000651324,0.0004860573,0.00003488827,0.0003687726],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01792523,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09479874,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02192331978877934,"score_gpt":0.2854755314981313,"score_spread":0.263552211709352,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}