{"id":"W4378086097","doi":"10.1111/lang.12586","title":"Rethinking First Language–Second Language Similarities and Differences in English Proficiency: Insights From the ENglish Reading Online (ENRO) Project","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Learning","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Bruyère; University of Ottawa; McGill University; University of Alberta; University of Toronto","funders":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; Tomsk State University; Russian Science Foundation; Victoria University; City University of New York; Victoria University of Wellington; National Taiwan Normal University; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Azrieli Foundation; Israel Science Foundation","keywords":"Reading comprehension; Linguistics; Psychology; Reading (process); Language proficiency; Grammar; Spelling; Vocabulary; Active listening; Mathematics education; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006337555,0.0002980355,0.0003805928,0.0003088818,0.0003691608,0.0002535955,0.0003805226,0.0001972529,0.0003649214],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001329625,0.0002197086,0.00006044661,0.0007227866,0.000111259,0.0002002636,0.0002021799,0.001096135,0.00002966359],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005572463,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000467234,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003368403,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003453798,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976165,0.000465052,0.000422427,0.0006279596,0.0003054212,0.0005626722],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978348,0.001506067,0.0001663313,0.0003761018,0.00005513858,0.0000615822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002577234,0.00003644356,0.09975096,0.0000553309,0.00004491311,0.0004092241,0.8929571,0.000007313905,0.0003552496,0.0002106835,0.0005455698,0.005601474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007903272,0.00007708439,0.3087663,0.000576034,0.00002294242,0.000007894218,0.6827602,0.0005286328,0.0002026549,0.00009332885,0.005731263,0.0004432867],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9867805,0.003675934,0.000006011944,0.0001605744,0.0007496639,0.0003574403,0.00004236207,0.0006361102,0.007591404],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9892464,0.00005277112,0.0002680582,0.0003110698,0.0007629325,0.00007853238,0.0003276078,0.00005178066,0.008900829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2101969,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8959458,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02192331978877934,"score_gpt":0.2854755314981313,"score_spread":0.263552211709352,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}