{"id":"W4378808262","doi":"10.1257/aer.20211437","title":"Optimal Procurement with Quality Concerns","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Review","topic":"Auction Theory and Applications","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Adverse selection; Economics; Microeconomics; Procurement; Incentive compatibility; Government procurement; Incentive; Lottery; Common value auction; Counterfactual thinking; Quality (philosophy)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.00246765,0.00009697189,0.0003974742,0.0000499035,0.0001026364,0.00004863974,0.0004357114,0.000008710478,0.001295852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001965499,0.00006503239,0.00008853526,0.0005759377,0.0003130368,0.00013191,0.00006019215,0.00005839572,0.01107212],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005188712,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009256171,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003802091,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001758141,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984768,0.0001790986,0.0005812108,0.0003966606,0.0002030017,0.000163254],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983363,0.0003741896,0.000527769,0.0006206503,0.00005153469,0.00008954578],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002507328,0.00003847772,0.004972649,0.00009070831,0.00006448513,0.000001886045,0.0002181912,0.001511498,0.00002095327,0.08362985,0.1681575,0.7412687],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009737185,0.00006602847,0.005423476,0.00008654137,0.00001655853,0.000005547459,0.0007354012,0.0001322707,0.0000365644,0.002382689,0.990853,0.0001645489],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7238372,0.01908058,0.02311806,0.09937448,0.0007597168,0.005606676,0.0002756258,0.001232253,0.1267154],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9413757,0.03522345,0.002331243,0.007416451,0.0002977707,0.0008369074,0.00003235098,0.00003623115,0.01244989],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8226954,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996171,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2264163833179472,"score_gpt":0.4901307963086249,"score_spread":0.2637144129906777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}