{"id":"W4378902444","doi":"10.5539/jel.v12n4p42","title":"The Development of Mathematical Problem-Solving and Reasoning Abilities of Sixth Graders by Organizing Learning Activities Using Open Approach","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Mathematics Education and Pedagogy","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Mahasarakham University","keywords":"Mathematics education; Test (biology); Mathematical problem; Variety (cybernetics); Action (physics); Descriptive statistics; Computer science; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003166866,0.0001234718,0.0003460122,0.0001718057,0.0004996547,0.000143766,0.0001776664,0.00005427498,0.00003555278],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001996548,0.00009140129,0.00003818608,0.0002301997,0.0001151951,0.000220617,0.0001082268,0.0003886746,3.727426e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004498998,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005424363,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008088207,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001304753,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984021,0.0002755345,0.0007837962,0.0001096928,0.0002628453,0.0001660656],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9968631,0.00167626,0.001087087,0.00009178747,0.0002072026,0.00007452959],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007130716,0.0007608097,0.01532907,0.006012789,0.0003355438,3.985193e-7,0.8626485,0.0003742702,0.01868561,0.06440332,0.00146189,0.02991642],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005457919,0.0001254681,0.001306379,0.001648656,0.0001129985,0.0001339318,0.9603736,0.004206162,0.002461968,0.02700805,0.001806885,0.0002700606],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9921088,0.0003285568,0.004826183,0.0001751464,0.00007495326,0.0001747501,2.386478e-7,0.00001247316,0.002298914],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8803344,0.00008864753,0.1176141,0.000006308746,0.00004226462,0.000005470599,0.000001784486,0.00002518048,0.001881896],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1127879,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3842991,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0933832480508542,"score_gpt":0.3813731438713676,"score_spread":0.2879898958205134,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}