{"id":"W4378979112","doi":"10.1162/rest_a_01339","title":"Can Whistleblowers Root Out Public Expenditure Fraud? Evidence from Medicare","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Quest University Canada","funders":"National Institute on Aging; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Justice","keywords":"False Claims Act; Government (linguistics); Enforcement; Business; Deterrence theory; Health care; Actuarial science; Public economics; Economics; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00115266,0.00008260356,0.0002555616,0.00003074653,0.0002151753,0.00005347787,0.0002672279,0.00003842479,0.0009114599],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000675022,0.00006630109,0.0000376354,0.00006087796,0.0001916365,0.00006738305,0.00007934128,0.00007425217,0.0001002682],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009102113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000317021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007232869,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01244436,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991578,0.00008803901,0.0003447184,0.000161446,0.00006967934,0.0001783572],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988831,0.0005661561,0.0001937413,0.0001893798,0.0000454095,0.0001222541],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005309386,0.00001459328,0.002457502,0.0006342459,0.00009456036,0.000002978403,0.01982792,0.000009528986,9.509508e-7,0.1473241,0.08671439,0.742914],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001040771,0.00001286403,0.004132798,0.001089373,0.00003753244,4.087235e-7,0.003787242,0.0003718262,7.480102e-7,0.009339818,0.9809527,0.0001706251],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.2872219,0.2558291,0.003169673,0.3824213,0.01058625,0.003379577,0.005903789,0.0002824893,0.05120596],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1007012,0.8956836,0.0008611918,0.001197173,0.0001578998,0.00002341568,0.0001035144,0.00001074108,0.001261275],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8942383,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9979846,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0847865386916886,"score_gpt":0.3328946035809489,"score_spread":0.2481080648892602,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}