{"id":"W4379137326","doi":"10.1136/thorax-2022-219158","title":"Pulmonary emphysema subtypes defined by unsupervised machine learning on CT scans","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Thorax","topic":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University Health Centre","funders":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Sanofi; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; McGill University Health Centre; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Genentech; Grifols; McGill University; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; COPD Foundation; GlaxoSmithKline; AstraZeneca; Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; American Heart Association; Chiesi Farmaceutici; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Sunovion; Ikaria; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer","keywords":"Medicine; COPD; Chronic bronchitis; Lung; Population; Internal medicine; Bronchitis; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003721957,0.000304411,0.0004160385,0.0003225324,0.0002419904,0.00003354166,0.0002322829,0.00007474823,0.00128985],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002747234,0.0002741834,0.0001622211,0.001171884,0.0001550133,0.0000985341,0.0001676317,0.0006084064,0.002266811],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002704509,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002312594,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000306313,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001025942,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974163,0.0001958412,0.0002765482,0.000608762,0.000774516,0.0007281021],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986341,0.0002438839,0.00005690931,0.000549026,0.0001043222,0.0004117674],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.004407331,0.002340825,0.518656,0.002443217,0.0006633334,0.01091202,0.0005672025,0.0007887895,0.1247256,0.001512573,0.04961157,0.2833716],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005199034,0.001180678,0.811115,0.0007303118,0.0003363933,0.0005370746,0.00128782,0.07139127,0.0126987,0.00134779,0.09285095,0.001325017],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9662939,0.001542969,0.0000118251,0.00268494,0.0001577477,0.0005963231,0.0001817277,0.0006364821,0.02789414],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9741092,0.0002983287,0.00005667402,0.0002346407,0.0002224672,0.00006649364,0.001188199,0.0001091805,0.02371477],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.292459,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999971,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02438625838239036,"score_gpt":0.301437067937288,"score_spread":0.2770508095548976,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}