{"id":"W4379179468","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15061630","title":"Biomarkers as Biomedical Bioindicators: Approaches and Techniques for the Detection, Analysis, and Validation of Novel Biomarkers of Diseases","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Pharmaceutics","topic":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":338,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Foothills Medical Centre; University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Biomarker; Computational biology; Biomarker discovery; Metabolomics; Bioinformatics; Epigenetics; Medicine; Computer science; Proteomics; Biology; Gene","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001396427,0.0002681117,0.0008056779,0.00103146,0.0001054519,0.00007330866,0.0005889882,0.0001331799,9.850335e-7],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000369839,0.0001920175,0.0003597124,0.002817862,0.0004545157,0.0001452288,0.0004049134,0.0001162221,3.301186e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004085384,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002500285,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000175961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001061588,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979799,0.0002629112,0.0007013421,0.0004830447,0.0003935332,0.000179221],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953288,0.003391672,0.0007051448,0.0003635769,0.00009239175,0.0001184157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000111226,0.00008696118,0.00003078812,0.00547096,0.003597378,3.796105e-7,0.00005408371,0.00001330127,0.00001988307,0.0005536147,0.00001917203,0.9901423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001102936,0.0003114535,0.0003371553,0.003043196,0.03673611,0.00006584345,0.0001279174,0.4494168,0.008267917,0.002923181,0.4964333,0.001234208],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002450795,0.5024655,0.4963591,0.00006987578,0.00009726428,0.0007044732,0.0002221013,0.00005398659,0.000003161024],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0008772784,0.9543223,0.04440083,0.00001359073,0.00005585257,0.0001935534,0.0001045529,0.00002861039,0.000003468983],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9889082,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7830247,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1839054498954598,"score_gpt":0.4405307620192335,"score_spread":0.2566253121237737,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}