{"id":"W4379388045","doi":"10.33423/jabe.v25i2.6100","title":"Understanding the Theoretical Foundations Underlying the Formalization of the Informal Economy","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Business and Economics","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Legislation; Payment; Order (exchange); Subject (documents); State (computer science); Business; Production (economics); Informal sector; Industrial organization; Economic system; Economics; Microeconomics; Market economy; Computer science; Finance; Political science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006070531,0.00007908279,0.0001980513,0.00009074934,0.0004418484,0.0001254023,0.0002316882,0.00003466066,0.00003642253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004019424,0.00004591852,0.00007350509,0.0002816606,0.0002724106,0.0002490701,0.00009733123,0.0001080256,0.00001155067],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005149265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003697507,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003932434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001294841,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991904,0.000004919569,0.0005854213,0.00007264118,0.00002062031,0.0001260101],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988137,0.0001187251,0.0008547218,0.0001447014,0.00004916967,0.0000189475],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001472355,0.000005520037,0.003150067,0.00001312827,0.0000438377,3.899724e-8,0.0007903337,0.007476426,0.000001206678,0.9879737,0.0001875883,0.0003434488],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005339074,0.00001596297,0.1394525,0.00001794292,0.00002159442,0.00001101383,0.006143905,0.01170584,0.000009919765,0.8217458,0.02022235,0.0001192948],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7614177,0.0002950506,0.07268826,0.02131071,0.001411778,0.0005177937,0.00003230548,0.00002186562,0.1423045],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988947,0.0005846446,0.00004178996,0.0003542137,0.00007474359,0.000006068963,0.000001542005,0.00000774389,0.00003455823],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2374769,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3398386,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1150394910380357,"score_gpt":0.2459508096531002,"score_spread":0.1309113186150645,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}