{"id":"W4380248946","doi":"10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233299","title":"Stepwise induced passivation film formation on the surface of spherical hard carbons enabling ultra-stable potassium ions storage","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Power Sources","topic":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Materials science; Passivation; Electrolyte; Anode; Dielectric spectroscopy; Energy storage; Chemical engineering; Cathode; Electrochemistry; Carbon fibers; Nanotechnology; Electrode; Chemistry; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000698907,0.0002707224,0.0001283214,0.0001346172,0.0001204412,0.0003407341,0.0003848968,0.0003633108,0.0008968039],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001931008,0.0001620262,0.0001335521,0.0001133112,0.0002104466,0.0002383757,0.0002390089,0.0004208626,0.0002898042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002794501,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002017794,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006195717,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001312222,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999087,0.000004592115,0.000005539845,0.0000248533,0.00003055365,0.00002589995],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999878,0.00002063628,0.00003045424,0.00002591047,0.00002946588,0.00001552287],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003452758,0.000008017279,0.0000728032,0.00004477073,0.000003970333,0.00005022057,0.00002318459,0.000110894,0.9977806,0.000232516,0.0001162237,0.001522388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005021193,0.00004650805,0.0005420402,0.000002190025,0.000002686544,0.00003854403,0.000011715,0.0008360201,0.9976495,0.00003404728,0.0008277092,0.000003980266],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9925193,0.0005678718,0.003183495,0.0001020968,0.0000766446,0.00002237025,0.0001959024,0.0002542097,0.003078185],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997045,0.0002000294,0.001248092,0.00001983661,0.000005225033,0.000009853663,0.0001049792,0.00003053071,0.001336442],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0008968039,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00300014,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03484245107330188,"score_gpt":0.2452955561296635,"score_spread":0.2104531050563616,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}