{"id":"W4380669145","doi":"10.1007/s10368-023-00561-0","title":"The multidimensional effect of financial development on the shadow economy in Africa: A dynamic panel analysis approach","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Economics and Economic Policy","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Shadow (psychology); Economics; Panel data; Public finance; Ordinary least squares; Generalized method of moments; Economy; Macroeconomics; Finance; Econometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001699174,0.0002800766,0.0006444446,0.00070407,0.0006010687,0.001857094,0.0003981402,0.0008835513,0.004260595],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00523487,0.0003450168,0.0005615505,0.00165777,0.0006879269,0.001612296,0.001221698,0.001303089,0.0002229663],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009777863,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006559457,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02199064,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03208105,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992036,0.000501171,0.00002559065,0.00007888098,0.00002890074,0.0001617491],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9942426,0.004288775,0.000832496,0.00024164,0.0001169095,0.0002776359],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008546665,0.0004521791,0.7270495,0.0002106367,0.001393164,0.001257936,0.00212028,0.1172311,0.00318591,0.1065015,0.003983982,0.03575918],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008914794,0.0003878168,0.7302265,0.00016074,0.0008417412,0.0002882558,0.004205426,0.2027911,0.002037005,0.0502706,0.008577809,0.0001237881],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9918364,0.0005647904,0.003284064,0.001090886,0.0000157204,0.00001141399,0.0008404237,0.00001128479,0.002345093],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981771,0.0003460828,0.0003692313,0.00003746299,0.00001471994,0.00000766383,0.0002803966,0.000003288499,0.0007641258],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02199064,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04372525,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03566532262496238,"score_gpt":0.2440416262079209,"score_spread":0.2083763035829585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}