{"id":"W4381298531","doi":"10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2023047794","title":"NORTH AMERICAN STEELMAKING SLAGS-A SOURCE FOR CRITICAL ELEMENTS","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"British Columbia Institute of Technology; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Steelmaking; Pyrometallurgy; Slag (welding); Metallurgy; Ferroalloy; Environmental science; Waste management; Population; Materials science; Smelting; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001249485,0.00009078206,0.0001199406,0.0001538879,0.00004411227,0.00003672827,0.0001802887,0.00001860685,0.00004580398],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006584156,0.00009080222,0.0001193172,0.00005684517,0.00003667035,0.0001478052,0.00001729976,0.00005910068,0.000009365425],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001090069,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001058406,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001468817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002130707,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990793,0.000007849587,0.0003811553,0.00008539973,0.0002967929,0.0001495334],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995114,0.0001744864,0.0001247158,0.00005029629,0.00007010542,0.00006904537],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000319299,0.0002005352,0.003167403,0.00005068475,0.0007168502,0.00002435776,0.0003608276,0.6510199,0.003174788,0.01729456,0.0256589,0.2980119],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006376545,0.0001952778,0.003238317,0.00001724922,0.00002695132,0.00002286308,0.0002859835,0.04603549,0.003291943,0.0004287893,0.9456765,0.0001429418],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.097332,0.00005649108,0.899707,0.000832614,0.001197031,0.00008284012,0.00005832999,0.00007636873,0.0006573419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9938087,0.0002642641,0.00405632,0.0002223735,0.0004492177,0.00002906246,0.00003621768,0.0000309562,0.001102889],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9200177,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3702807,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01665238663660685,"score_gpt":0.2850948782141938,"score_spread":0.268442491577587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}