{"id":"W4381298531","doi":"10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2023047794","title":"NORTH AMERICAN STEELMAKING SLAGS-A SOURCE FOR CRITICAL ELEMENTS","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"British Columbia Institute of Technology; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Steelmaking; Pyrometallurgy; Slag (welding); Metallurgy; Ferroalloy; Environmental science; Waste management; Population; Materials science; Smelting; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001037081,0.0002719676,0.00023901,0.001085491,0.0009813636,0.000583818,0.0001488,0.0002853457,0.002490397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001284213,0.000112919,0.000151655,0.001285535,0.0002183241,0.0002664111,0.0002314138,0.0001971141,0.000748952],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006170847,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008297315,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.016596,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.08356637,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998123,0.00001212876,0.000005299204,0.00003170409,0.0001125816,0.00002606853],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998863,0.00001241384,0.00001946548,0.000006641176,0.00006797704,0.000007341303],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004564258,0.0001134581,0.05682554,0.0008090012,0.00008132662,0.002582762,0.0007530257,0.001670705,0.8161582,0.002315046,0.00674033,0.1114942],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001483799,0.0001688123,0.1935168,0.0002146225,0.0001095688,0.001848931,0.002434538,0.002414667,0.5369126,0.001452591,0.2608631,0.00004898842],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9538243,0.004474109,0.003778282,0.0006096059,0.00005281602,0.00003450844,0.001161415,0.0001104218,0.03595454],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9803724,0.002097018,0.002147985,0.000230997,0.00001071716,0.00001010975,0.0007690928,0.00002732706,0.01433437],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.016596,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0329988,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01665238663660685,"score_gpt":0.2850948782141938,"score_spread":0.268442491577587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}