{"id":"W4382808294","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-28873-9_1","title":"Biochar-Based Nanocomposite Materials: Types, Characteristics, Physical Activation, and Diverse Application Scenarios","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation","topic":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Raw material; Pyrolysis; Materials science; Specific surface area; Nanocomposite; Porosity; Chemical engineering; Nanomaterials; Surface modification; Catalysis; Nanotechnology; Chemistry; Composite material; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001438803,0.0004884308,0.0002878648,0.0005681807,0.0001396983,0.0007490098,0.0004451951,0.0003766555,0.001557482],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000167593,0.0003073414,0.000317848,0.000714401,0.0001414436,0.0006323538,0.0002381654,0.0007698657,0.001007315],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003179156,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001733259,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002430462,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001119021,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998947,0.000006228516,0.000005117197,0.00002611128,0.00005501888,0.00001277449],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999497,0.00002270609,0.000005684501,0.000004325703,0.00001289119,0.000004696971],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006470432,0.00008716081,0.0001465756,0.0005610995,0.00002029984,0.000121361,0.00003590734,0.0008676873,0.9025505,0.002620484,0.001389358,0.09153493],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000406923,0.0001381828,0.0009347001,0.0000576502,0.00003563502,0.0005451369,0.00002619468,0.002225585,0.9339883,0.001197845,0.0608304,0.0000162548],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4137931,0.305268,0.1095493,0.001349141,0.001438064,0.0002292609,0.002449385,0.001661686,0.1642621],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6909453,0.1020885,0.05521644,0.000519071,0.0002647002,0.0001229157,0.001921407,0.0004768776,0.1484449],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001557482,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00521028,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009693583247052003,"score_gpt":0.2719110640318714,"score_spread":0.2622174807848194,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}